Analysing a managing change in General Electric

Analysing a managing change in General Electric Renowned scientist Thomas A. Edisson.who established Edison Electric light company in 1878.General Electric company is then took one huge company formation after two of merged in to one of Edison General Electric company and Thomas Houston company in 1892.Then GE is the only company listed in the Dow Jones industrial index. Today GE is a diversified technology, services, and financial services company with operation in more than 100 companies and 3, 50,000 employees worldwide. GE is a multinational which belongs to several companies in different companies headquartered in  Fairfield, Connecticut. Its New York headquarters located at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in  Rockefeller Center, name give is  GE Building  for the projecting GE logo on the roof NBCs headquarters. Main studios are also located in the building. GEs Ecomagination concept attempt worldwide recognition to keep front runner itself as a green company. In current global market GE is stands one of the biggest players in the wind power industry, but not only because of its technological innovative products but also development of product as a environment-friendly like hybrid locomotives. Desalination and water reuse solutions, and photovoltaic cells. The company has set goals for its subsidiary holding companies to decrease their greenhouse gas emissions. GE as Brand GE has got his fourth position of the most recognized brand in the world; worth almost $52 billion.GE.com heighten the value of the brand by the ownership. A performance which places General Electric on Rank 3 of the VB.com Internet Hall of Fame. After appointing New CEO  Jeffrey Immelt, He  had a set of changes in the brand positioning in 2004, He tried to bring some transitional changes as chairman, then he quite successful in some instant also. He made the diversified businesses of GE. The changes included a new corporate color palette, one of them are small modifications to the  GE Logo, a new customized font (GE Inspira), and breakthrough company slogan ,  imagination at work  replacing the longtime slogan  we bring good things to life,  which is composed by David Lucas.. Academic/learning reasons behind GEs choice: The fundamental and important reason behind to chose GE as organization because the companies existence in the market over 130 years. Still they are innovative. They always have been inspiration to other industries, the different kind of delivering the ideas, implementing them. Which always keep them in front.GE expands their horizon in much diversified manner in air and also around the world.GE continues with its tradition of innovations keeping the scale of growth in economy. Companies dramatic discoveries help to redefine the lives. And now GE continues to earn the respect in the business economic world. To keep this informative thread in my mind encourages me to take academic lessons of the company as a learning resource and reasons also. 1.b) Theories and principle which underlie strategic planning. Growth strategy of General Electric. A company follows and obtained the best growth five initiative strategies to create capital efficient growth and to create high margin: 1) Technical Leadership 2) Services 3) Customer Focus 4) Globalization 5) Growth Platforms 1.Technical Leadership Technology is a prior and most preferential sector of companies initiative. Innovation comes in research and development which is a very subjective of this sector. The importance always given to the Technical leadership because it produces high-margin products, which could wins competitive battles and creates new markets. The external marketing forces are always been changing and they are not constant so company have about 2,000 researchers in our Global Research Centers linked to market and customer needs and in constant dialogue with our businesses.As main outcomes of a technical leadership a company made great progress in energy efficiency by introducing four leading products at the mid of 2003: 1) The H Systemà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ gas turbine 2) 3.6-megawatt wind turbine 3) The GE Evolutionà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ Series locomotive engine 4) And the GE90-115B jet engine. 2. Services GEs Technical leadership can measure its better accountability is high end margin services for decades for a massive installed base of more than 100,000 long-lived GE jet engines, power turbines, locomotives and medical instruments. But services only work if they make our customers more profitable. In the energy market, GE has accepted the methodology to build and design asset business to improve customers energy efficiency, uptime and environmental performance. This year, our customer Norfolk Southern will begin operating with GEs Precision Dispatch Systemà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢, the rail industrys most comprehensive traffic management system, to improve locomotive availability and customer service. 3. Customer Focus Last year, company has formed a sales and marketing council led by Beth Comstock and Dave Nissen, two of our best growth leaders. Their main agenda includes: aligning our sales force with customer needs; taking Six Sigma to our customers; developing world-class marketing; driving sales force effectiveness; and serving global customers with excellence. One of our successes is in vertical selling, the practice of aligning our offerings in four industries that are critical to GE: healthcare, energy, transportation and retail. They represent $47 billion of industrial revenues and $169 billion of financial services assets. GE brings a unique concept of capabilities to these industries, including products, services, information and financing. In 2003, GE signed a multiyear agreement with New York-Presbyterian Hospital to support them in clinical research operation and help them improve their business. Company has also formed a $2 billion relationship with Emirates Airlines to setup a modernize setup for aircraft and make their assets and people more productive for their better outcomes. Xerox is a best partnership company with GE having strong relationship between them, though the company provides their help in the segment of finance and operating capabilities to improve their marketing strategies. 4. Globalization Since foundation of the company, GE always became a competent in world market with its multiple ideas and effectiveness throughout the globalization. After the formation company has sold its major product outside the U.S, remaining the economic market company sold its product. The company has keeping its own and major one-third of our leadership team global. GE global revenues were almost $74 billion in 2005, up 11%, and should grow 14% in 2007. Company has its different vision to recognize central fact that they know the demand by Global growth requires more than simply shipping products. Company always been committed equally to developing capabilities and relationships in the markets where you want to succeed. In Asian countries GE also commitment to China for its future business.GEs established its Global Research Center in Shanghai to develop the capabilities of Chinese suppliers and technology that GE can use globally. GE is keeping this approach in other developing markets. The company is confident to get revenues from Eastern Europe, Russia and Iraq should grow from $3.5 billion in 2010 to $7 billion in 2015.. 5. Growth Platforms Transform the business model using growth initiatives, such as services and globalization. Finally, apply this theory financial strength to invest in organic growth or acquisitions. GEs Growth Strategy:http://www.ge.com/images/en/ar2003/widgets/spacer.gif Technical Leadership Services Customer Focus Globalization Growth Platform http://www.ge.com/ar2003/chairman/letter_4.jsp 1. d) Models and tools which could be used as a strategic planning and development of GE: SWOT ANALYSYS is a basis method which will help for strategic planning and development OF GENERAL ELECTRIC. SWOT analysis is being discussed below: STRENGTHS Global recognition:   General Electric has ventured into the world market thus gaining global recognition for its unique goods and services Forbes magazine ranked GE as the worlds largest company in year 2009.   In todays business world General Electrics brand is the worlds most recognized brand, and recognition has given it a competitive edge over other companies due to its ability to attract more customers. Excellent Management:   GE utilizes a unique management style, the integrity of management and business operations are divided into business units.   Each business unit plays a distinct role within the company and has its own independent management.   Examples include GE Commercial Finance, GE Equipment Services, GE  Energy, GE Insurance, and GE Consumer Finance among others. This kind of unique management helps to take instant decision and to be more concentric toward its unit managerial functions and helps to increase productivity due to the high level of accountability and efficiency that business unit managers are expected to maintain. Diversity and operation management: GE has invested in a wide range of products whose activities range from technology, energy, automotives, and aviation and home appliances to financial services and insurance services. This kind of diversification shields the company from risks in case of misfortunes. WEAKNESSES Under-performing energy sector: Due to the effect global crisis and fluctuation in fuel prices energy sector is not performing as expected. So the supply shortage because lack of demands and fluctuations in prices of oil and gas have mostly threatened the companys profitability. Threat to flexibility: Sometimes flexibility in the business operations may causes dangerous for a company, because it results in over-stretching which usually slows down decision making.GE having its very huge operation management to do under numerous units which require attention and could prove hard to manage if excessive diversification occurs. OPPORTUNITIES Mergers and acquisitions:   GE has many sources and very much to prove, but sometimes in market there are many competent, result of this GE has performed several mergers in the recent past. These not only help the company to expand globally but to diversify its activities into new areas thus increasing productivity. Research and development: Intensified research and development characterize the GEs activities to maintain a competitive edge over others in the same industry. GE invests substantial amount of resources for relentless efforts to ensure the production of innovative products. THREATS Competition:   Operating in global economic environment  where stiff competition is present is a threat in itself. GE risks losing its customers to competitors .As a large company GE gives importance to control to negotiate with suppliers. They can better manage production to keep prices and profitability high.   Competition could be intensified by product differenciation, better techniques and technology among competitors. Information security: Every company faces a treat of losing confidential and important data through internet hackers, sometimes natural disasters and dishonesty of employess.this could affect the companys activities and cause a slow-down in production. Financial crisis:   Up and downturns in the economy, global financial crisis, seriously effect most companies today, these causes the rises in prices and shrinking bank lending rates have lack in businesses much needed profits and capital respectively. References Chasnoff, D. (1991). Deadly deception: General electric, nuclear weapons and our environment.  Newday. Hurbert, P. (2007).  General electric company profile.  United States: Market Research. Makower, J. (2005). Ecoimagination: Inside GEs power play.  World Changing. Task 2 2.a) Marketing Strategy options used by the General Electric GEs marketing plan is basically designed and explained with 7 Ps of marketing segments. Which are explained below. 1. Product. GEs technology division produces Inappropriate and fire detection products, which also use to card access systems, aircraft replacement parts, jet engines, medical diagnostics, medical imaging as well as patient monitoring equipment. The companys major sector is energy, so it also provides products related to energy infrastructure such as wind turbines, gas turbines, water purification systems, and aircraft engine derivatives. GEs also produced a consumer as well as industrial division such as refrigerators, washers, microwave ovens, residential air conditioners. 2. Price General Electric introduced a Power by the Hour program for its aircraft engines, in recognition that its customers were not specially purchasing its airplane engines, but also they will keep in mind the ability to minimize downtime through its maintenance and service initiatives. There was a increased in a cost pressure in global economy in 2004 due to GE raised prices in for its Infrastructure Water and Process technology customers and it widely affect on citing marketplace conditions for water treatment solutions which made it more expensive to do business. General Electric introduced a concept of healthtmagination, whose initiative involves the reduction of prices in its medical imaging and diagnostics business as a result of reduced customer spending in these areas.    3. Place General Electric is headquartered in Fairfield Connecticut, at 3135 Easton Turnpike. GE has subsidiaries located in Singapore, Mexico, Munich, China and Ontario Canada General Electric has global business projects including Southeast Asia, Northern Asia, Australia,New Zealand, Africa, Latin America and Europe. 4. Promotion Since 2001 GE worked with Responsys, Inc. as the preferred vendor to implement GE Services Networks email marketing programs.    GEs slogan we bring good things to life is among the most recognizable in the world. 5. Process With the assistance from major Boston Consulting Group and McKinsey and company General Electric pioneered the nine cell strategic business screen used to identify the most favorable position with attractive growth opportunities as well as competitor strength. GE managers operate and make their decisions from the companies famous blue books five volumes of detailed guidance. GE management has utilized techniques such as leadership development, Work Out, and Six Sigma. Constant appraisal process has been undertaken every year by GE which is about a 10%.which involves from its bottom of firing to higher level. GE strives to accomplish its goals with four core values in mind: imagine, solve, build, and lead. 6. Physical Evidence GEs physical Evidence can be stated below 1) Huge investments in Russia including equipment fleet with more than 1,500 large units. 2) Crucial investments of infrastructure resources such as oil and gas as well as aviation. 3)GE has made investment in Indonesia to build the infrastructure. 7. People Jeffery Immelt is the current chairman of the board and chief executive officer of GE. The Spirit The Letter is employed an integrity policy which every employee supports with a signed pledge.   General Electric provides an employee and retired employee outlet store with discount products. GE utilizes skills-based customer service routing technology. 2. b) STAKEHOLDERS OF GE Description and function of stakeholders in GE. 1. Emerald Technology Ventures Emerald Technology Ventures is a global leader in clean technology venture capital incepted in year 2000; Emerald is a pioneer which cleanly focused on energy sector which is rapidly emerging clean technology sector and exclusively on innovative technologies in energy, advanced materials and water. Company has been operating from offices in Zurich, Switzerland and Toronto, Canada. Since inception, Emerald has managed three venture capital funds and two venture capital portfolios mandates totaling over EUR 400 million.since the foundation company only invites the global investors include such as a leading financial institutions and multinational corporations. http://www.emerald-ventures.com/aboutUs.aspx 2. KPCB (Kleiner Perkins caufield byers) KPCB is a Venture Capital Firm, but its not only the company who has corporate directives but also they are a creative think tank that helps design new industries that change the world. They have created an exceptional marketplace of ideas where entrepreneurs and inventors come together and brainstorm how to build companies that will redefine the future. Kleiner Perkins is not a commercial investment company but it is more than that. Its partners gave the time, insight, and expertise necessary to help crystallize a long-term vision and corporate strategy for company. And through their network of portfolio companies and personal contacts, KPCBs philosophy of contributing more than just capital is exactly what makes companies experience as an iFund company extremely valuable. 3. Rockport Capital Rockport is a leading venture capital having a partnership with cleantech entrepreneurs which operates in world market. Company has different management operating style involves collaboration with core management teams to achieve faster growth and building its own value in market and bring disruptive technologies. Company operates in global market have a excellent track record which is providing the insights and networks that push forward companies to get more success in world economic era. Rockport categorize its primary focus in some certain business sectors, majors are Energy and Power, Transportation, Resource Effeniciency, Advanced Materials and Green Building. With respect of these companies, Rockport also invests in all stages of development. Energy sector always been a much favorable sector for investment for Rockport. Since this capability sets Rockport apart, the focus on opportunities in which company has leverage these strengths to add value beyond investment capital. http://www.rockportcap.com/our-approach Task 3a) Definition: vision According to Mike Harvey (2009), the vision seeks to provide an ideal future for which the organization strives for. Lambert (1996) as quoted by Harvey (2009) suggests that crafting a vision calls for creativity. He states that a vision should specifically answer direct questions like what will the organization be like in 5 to 15 years times among others. Tom Peters (1987) pontificates that, visions are meant to be clear, inspiring and challenging. From these statements I have developed the vision statement for Dialogue Direct will be the following: Maintaining our Leadership position in the top 5 of UK fundraising organization in a bid to make a difference in the world (Mike Harvey course notes for strategic planning and implementation, 2009) In GE CEO is the first and head of the management. The corporate success depends on the vision districts by the  chief executive  . GE has vision impact on the employees to be accompanied in a dramatic and enduring way.GE always make sure you keep stretch in employees vision, communicate it constantly, underscoring the relationship between management and employee. Definition: Mission statement A well-thought out mission statement guides a companys managers as to which market opportunities to pursue and which fall outside the companys strategic domain (Scott, 2000). A mission is something to be accomplished. Professional Definition: GE does not have a mission statement, per se, but its operating philosophy and business objectives are clearly articulated each year in the Letter to Shareowners, Employees and Customers in the Annual Report.. http://www.ge.com Definition of Objectives: The objectives are declaration of companys purpose and goals (Rea and Rea, 2000). Objectives are meant to create a challenging environment for people who crave to make above average contributions and who imagine to get above average rewards (Bragg, 2006). GEs main objectives are:   1) To facilitate the development of effective energy and environmental strategies related to corporate business policies in Georgia; 2) To facilitate the creation of effective legal, regulatory and structural framework for market oriented reforms and harmonization with best western (EU) standards in the fields of energy and environment protection; 3 )To build public awareness, encourage public participation , in the fields of energy and environmental protection. Definition of values Values   Imagine, solve, build and lead four bold verbs that express what it is to be part of organization. Their action-oriented nature says something about who we are and should serve to energize ourselves and our teams around leading change and driving performance. http://www.csrglobe.com/login/companies/ge.html Professional Definition: Values in GE: While GE has always performed with integrity and values.The values which embody the spirit of GE at its best. Energy and spirit of a company that has the solid foundation to lead change as business evolves. And they express distinctly a code of behavior that guides through that change with integrity. They are a call to action that asks every GE employee to recommit to a common set of beliefs about how we work in our world today, they are based on a continuum of how GE has grown and performed through generations. They are our words and our values in our own voice. 3b) Effectiveness of above three things can be measured in the following ways: Mission, Vision and Values Mission The effectiveness of mission is give a clear way for organization to clarify what it is currently discover to do for its customers or stakeholders. It is like statement of purpose, which create a question What is GE trying to accomplish on behalf of our stakeholders or individual investors? An effective mission statement helps to identify day-to-day operations and as the foundation for future decision-making and to make corporate strategy. Vision The vision is a corporate glance which creates a rallying point for strategic management team to maximize efforts. Organizations vision provides a powerful and inspiring picture of the outcome an organization seeks, at some point in the future. Vision is a key of success and it would be effective if clear and step forward to be achieving goal of organization. Values An organizations value is fundamental and deeply held. Every organization has its intrinsic value and is important to everyone on the management. Values are an implicit part of the promise of organizations future and establish for prospective and existing team members about their expectation from teammates, management and leaders. 3 c) ORGANIZATION CULTURE Definition:- Gareth Morgan has described organizational culture as: The set of the set of beliefs, values, and norms, together with symbols like dramatized events and personalities that represents the unique character of an organization, and provides the context for action in it and by it. http://www.organizationalculture101.com/definition-of-organizational-culture.html GEs organizational culture: GEs organizational culture committed towards its leadership culture, The company believes that employees performance can only flourish in safe and sound environment. This leadership culture can be obtained through system and policies develop communication, maintain the partner employee relationship, privacy and gives surety of health and safety. GE has multidimensional work assessment groups which undergo with different definitions and operating structure give below. 1)Operating with integrity 2)Work and life balance 3)Quality and work life Some of the key characteristics of GEs organizational culture are as follows: A )Individual effort is much more important than group or collective efforts. B) Competition is king internally and externally C) Poor performers lose face publicly ETHICAL VALUES: Definition:- An ethical appeal also referred to as ethos basically has to do with rights or moral values. http://www.tutorvista.com/answers/ethical-values-definition/72821 Ethical Values of GE: Factors: Since the inception of company Internal and External functions of Management GE has been began operating under Thomas Alva Edison. Since then GE has grown and matured as one of the greatest multi- innovator firms in business history with GE has become an international company expanding its services and product around the world. GE has its own ethics of business and values. GEs ethical values reflect in a wonderful example of how external and internal factors like globalization, technology, innovation, diversity, at national and international level will impact the way company managers operate and comply with ethical and compliance issues. GEs ethics impacts directly, not only the four functions of management namely planning, organizing, leading, and controlling but also the four factors globalization, technology, innovation, and diversity are closely related with each other. http://www.tutorvista.com/answers/ethical-values-definition/72821 http://www.writework.com/essay/ge-business-ethics-compliance 3 d) Core competencies: Definition:- It is cluster knowledge and gained abilities from its consistent efforts over the years, which are not easily imitiated.it helps to any organization to be competitive and help to become more creative and able to deliver good services towards customers. After a many years of dedication General Electrics introduced best practices GEs version of benchmarking, reengineering and energetic, highly participative employee-manager retreats, to get more new ideas from employees.  Ã‚  These are which will help GE to be more creative and were aimed at significantly increasing innovation in order to substantially increase productivity.  GE has major and important client is U.S  for many years.When GE applies the theory of core competency it become live and breathe innovation, at the very least, find it fundamental to their successes in the words of Peter Druker Every organization-not just businesses-needs one core competence:  Ã‚  innovation. http://www.winstonbrill.com/bril001/html/article_index/articles/201-250/article220_body.html Critical success factors: Mike Harvey (1984) suggests that, these are factors that are necessary when the company is looking to excel and outperform its competitors. Those are the things customers, shareholders and stakeholders generally value about a business and its activities. Importance of the critical success factors in an organization is because of it can help to focus on the building their capabilities or to identify if there are any lack of ability to build necessary critical success factors. Critical success factors are necessary to the success of General Electric: In world energy market GE compete with some another leading companies. Some rival companies are now to launch new greener products in market to make environment decarbonised.so in my opinion the competition will become more rigid in coming days Critical success factors could be in subject areas of gas turbines and energy efficient lights.GE already introduced its much heralded Ecomaginationproject.but it needs more diversity in above particular independent research. Task 4 4.1a) Amendment strategy in response to change in economic and business climate. GE is always committed to its customers for their better services; on the other side company has also to focus on large scale business opportunities. Though being a being a global leader in a number of high tech industries GE has identified a providing solution to face a problem of the future which could be interest of environmental issues. Therefore Mr.jeffrey has bought a new innovative and creative project namely Ecomagination When GE done analysis upon ecological survey he came on decision that there is a resources problem of global warming and supply of oil and water which were most prominent. And its going to be more demand in coming decades. So avoid future imbalance of certain things GE has started to invest in ecologically friendly alternatives to existing technologies. (Global Energy Formation, Matts Larsson 2009.Pllgrave Macmillan, Page 119) 4. b) GE responded to the changes in its environment. As explained above GE accompanied changes and following their strategies as per creation a innovation Ecomagination.so it can be prove that GE responded to the changes in its environment. The GE ecomagination annual report provides updates on the progress on each of its ecomagination commitments. 1. Double investment in clean research and development   GE invested $1.5 billion on ecomagination RD, reaching the commitment to double our annual investment by 2010 one year ahead of schedule. GE continues to be committed to unleashing new technology.. 2. Increase revenues from ecomagination products   In 2009, ecomagination revenues grew six percent to $18 billion even in a challenging global environment. 3. Reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and improve the energy efficiency of its operations   GE reduced its GHG emissions by 22% compared to 2004. GE improved its energy intensity 34% compared to 2004, surpassing the goal of 30% in 2012. http://www.genewscenter.com/Press-Releases/GE-Surpassed-5-Billion-in-Research-Development-Investment-in-ecomagination-Technology-2902.aspx 4 c) As per my concern following will be the major functional areas of GE. 1. Research and Development Department GE Global Research is the hub of technology development for all of GEs businesses having 10 global laboratories organized by scientific disciplines all focused on leveraging technology breakthroughs across multiple GE businesses. GE established laboratories in different continents and their people come from the US, Europe, China and India collaborates and builds on each success. http://www.ge.com/company/research_development.html GE diverse its industrial lab in the world. From aircraft engines to power generation to financial businesses and even television network and movie studios, GE Global Research can leverage technology across industries and across scientific disciplines. http://www.ge.com/company/factsheets/grc.html 2. GEs marketing Department: General Electric is treat

The different sources of cultural bias

The different sources of cultural bias Sources of Cultural Biases can be interpreting through different frameworks which meaning is attributed. Sue and Sue (1990) attributed class, culture bound values; differences in verbal, emotional, and behavioral expressiveness, differences in causes and effect orientation, and differences in patterns of communication. The discrepancy in attributional systems that are culturally different clients and counselors bring to their interactions may present a barrier. The interactions may fail because of underlying mechanisms of culturally mediated attributional differences. The relationship between subjective culture (Triandis, (1972) and attributional processes are illuminated by theoretical and empirical work conducted by social psychologists as well as important insights from the field of linguistics. The occurrence, form and meaning of a particular behavior in a particular situation may differ from culture to culture because of differences in norms, values, role perceptions, expectatio ns, and historical experience. Individuals from different cultural traditions bring to cross-cultural interactions different implicit, as well as explicit, frameworks for interpreting these experiences (Albert, 1983). These differences in interpretation may lead culturally different people to view the same situation or behavior very differently. There is a great range of within-group variation in the attribution and cause and meaning, between-group variation may account for failed interactions because of differential attributions likely to occur (Salzman, 1990). The silence of an individual from one culture may be interpreted by a culturally different as indifferent or hostility when it was intended as respectful noninterference. The behavioral consequences of this discrepancy could interfere with the development of mutually respectful, cooperative, professional and personal relationships. Attributions are inferences about the causes of behavior. Heider (1958) indicated that humans are constantly engaged in the process of making inferences about behavior that is observed. Even though the behavior in any interactions that are or not performed can be important, it is the interpretations that are given to these behaviors that are critical (Albert Triandis, 1979). A compliment can be interpreted as a way to manipulate, help can be seen as demeaning and a gift as a bribe. These interpretations have predictable behavioral consequences and may serve to define the interaction. Discrepant attributions have been found to result in misunderstandings, low personal attraction, rejection and even conflict (Albert, Trianis, 1979; Salzman, 1990). It is thought that such discrepancies are more likely to occur in cross-cultural interactions because of differences in norms, roles, values and expectation that each culture has developed in adapting to life geographically, economically and historical circumstances. Heider (1958) saw all people behaving as naÃÆ'Â ¯ve scientists, constantly engaged in making inferences about events and observed behaviors by attributing causes and motives. Casual attributions, then answer the why questions about behaviors. They serve as mediators between all stimuli encountered in the world and responses made to these stimuli. Humans do not respond directly to events around us, we respond to the meanings or interpretations given to these events (Albert and Triandis, 1979). Pedersen (1987) noted that one source of bias is the implicit assumption that normal means the same to people of different social, economic, political and cultural backgrounds. Instead he argued that what is considered normal will change according to the situation, the cultural background being judged and the time during which a behavior is being displayed or observed Pedersen (1987), p. 16). He pointed out the dangers of diagnostic errors when using definitions of normality generated from the perspective of one culture with people of different cultures. Rogers objected to therapists making diagnosis of clients on their own evaluations (Rogers, 1951). He believed however that the individual client should be the only one who should make specific evaluations and set goals. Rogers (1980) advocated the location of power in the person not in the expert. Rogers espoused the view that only the individual embedded in a particular social, cultural and historical context could define normal be havior for him or herself. Pedersen (1987) asserted that many counselors neglect the development of the family, organizations and society in favor of emphasis on the welfare of the individual. According to Pedersen, counselors are encouraged to focus on changes in the individual client, sometimes blaming the group demands for the client adjustment problems and disregarding the effects of individual change on the groups to which the client belongs. Traditional counseling approaches according to Pedersen (1987) have all too often neglected other academic disciplines that speak to problems and issues of humanity such as sociology, anthropology, theology and medicine. Counselors tend to view their clients problem from a very limited perspective; however their problems are not confined to the disciplines of psychology and counseling. Pedersen (1989) believed that it is important for counselors to go outside the boundaries of their specialized knowledge and interest, to examine the issue or problem from the clients cultural perspective. According to Pedersen (1989) many counselors downplay the role of family and peers in providing support to a troubled individual and instead emphasize their professional services. He argued that counselors should attempt to incorporate the client natural support system into a treatment plan, which in some cultures is more acceptable than disclosing intimate information to the counselor, who is likely to be a stranger. Pedersen (1987) argued that too often counselors assume that their role is to change the individual to fit the system and too often fail to question whether the system should be changed to fit the individual. Counseling and therapy has a history of protecting the status quo against change, at least as perceived by minority cultures, through what has become to be called scientific racism (D.W. Sue Sue 2003). Counseling psychology has been slow to respond to evidence of cultural bias. Sampson (1993) suggests that psychology and counseling have at best accommodated add on eclectic strategies in response to culturally different movements and special interest groups without fundamentally transforming conventional frameworks of understanding. Wren (1962) first introduced the concept of cultural encapsulation. The perspective assumes five basic identifying features. First, reality is defined according to one set of cultural assumptions. Second, people become insensitive to cultural variations among individuals and assume their own view is the right one. Third, assumptions are not dependent upon reasonable proof or rational consistency but are believed true, regardless of evidence to the contrary. Fourth, solutions are sought in technique oriented strategies or quick and simple remedies. Fifth every one is judged from the viewpoint of ones self-reference criteria without regard for the other persons separate cultural context. There is evidence that the profession of counseling is even more encapsulated now than it was then when Wren wrote his original article (Albee, 1994; Wren, 1995). Counselors bias coming from two sources, such as their own cultural backgrounds and their professional training were highlighted in studies their actions toward groups other than whites. In a study examining this particular source of bias, the degree of cultural stereotyping among practicing counselors was explored using structured interviews (Bloombaum, Yamamoto, James, 1968). The results indicated that counselors attitudes toward Mexican Americans, African Americans, Chinese Americans, Japanese Americans and Jews reflected the similar degree of cultural stereotyping usually found in the general population. Counselors must recognize racism, prejudice and discrimination, and accept them as real to better understand the living reality of clients who without the benefit of choice find themselves members of minority groups on the basis of differences from the dominant culture in our society, (Glauser, 1999). Each individual counselor must identify and accept his/her personal capacity to help or hinder clients whose life experiences, beliefs and physical makeup and or culture are different from their own. A counselor who is aware of his/her own limitations, when working with members of minority groups will conform to ethical guidelines and assure that their clinical efforts have the potential to help rather than do harm. Research has shown that prejudicial responses, in the form of stereotype activation, can persist long after an individual makes a conscious break with habitual prejudice thinking (Devine, 1989). Individuals in low prejudice tend to carefully scrutinize messages from minority groups to guard against unfair reactions. The care they take may interfere with the communication process in interaction with minority group and hinder full engagement by a counselor in the therapeutic setting (Petty, Fleming and White, 1999). The following examples indicate the types of cultural issues and their effects on the counseling situation. In the cultural value system of the Chinese American passivity rather than assertiveness is revered, quiescence rather than verbal articulation is a sign of wisdom and self-effacement rather than confrontation is a model of refinement(Ching and Prosen, 1980). Since humility and modesty is so valued it is difficult for counselors to draw out responses from a Chinese American in a group setting. The reticence which reinforces silence and withdrawal as appropriate ways of dealing with conflict may be interpreted as resistance by the uneducated counselor. Democratic counselors may also be uneasy with the role of the all knowing father that the Chinese respect bestows upon them (Ching and Prosen, 1980). African Americans place great value on family, especially their children, who are seen as a gift from God and on social relationships with a great emphasis on community and their pla ce in it. In this context social conflict resolution becomes important, so that peace and equilibrium may be restored to the community while personal conduct becomes secondary. (McFadden and Gbekobov, 1984). In his discussion of counseling the Northern Natives of Canada, Darou (1987) notes that counseling is seen as cultural racism when it does not fit native values. These values are cooperation, concreteness, lack of interference, respect for elders, and the tendency to organize by space rather than time and dealing with the land as animate not an inanimate object. Bernard and Flores-Ortiz (1982) point out that Latin cultures view the family as primary support for its members. Any suggestions that the family is not fulfilling that obligation can bring shame, added stress and an increased reluctance to seek professional services. Involving family members in treatment will most likely ensure successful counseling outcomes with Latinos. In examining the aspect of grief, the way the client reacts to it should be noted and respected this helps them to normalize their experience. The counselor should not try and fix the persons pain, but be as present as possible and pay attention to what the person is telling you in the moment. Give clients the permission to talk; they may have a need to tell their story over and over, as a part of the healing process. The counselor should give the client room to express their feelings and not censor them. It is okay to ask culturally different clients how grief and loss are addressed in their culture. As counselors we must be aware of our own feelings about grief and loss from personal experiences. Self-awareness helps avoid expecting clients to act like we would in a similar situation. Alcohol and other drug treatment programs continually report relatively low success rates among African-American participants. There is a need to consider treatment approaches that are more culturally competent. Counselors must view the identity and the development of culturally diverse people in terms of multiple interactive factors rather than strictly cultural framework (Romero, 1985). A pluralistic counselor considers all facets of the clients personal history, family history, and social and cultural orientation (Arcinega and Newlou, 1981).

The HIV & AIDS Virus :: HIV, AIDS, Health

Citations AIDS.org - news, treatment information, and other resources. www.aids.org/ HIV and AIDS Activities - information from the FDA Office of Special Health Issues. www.fda.gov/oashi/aids/hiv.html Specialized Information Services Home Page - US National Library ... - ... Library of Medicine (NLM) is responsible for information resources and services in toxicology, environmental health, chemistry, HIV/AIDS, and specialized ... www.sis.nlm.nih.gov CDC-NCHSTP-Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention (DHAP) Home Page - ... CDC - Divisions of HIV / AIDS Prevention Home Page; logo: HIV / AIDS Prevention National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention. ... www.cdc.gov/hiv/dhap.htm AIDSinfo - federally approved information on AIDS research, clinical trials, and treatment from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Created by merging the AIDS Clinical Trials Information Service (ACTIS) and the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS). www.hivatis.org/ HIV InSite - comprehensive and reliable information on HIV/AIDS treatment, policy, research, epidemiology, and prevention from the University of California, San Francisco. hivinsite.ucsf.edu/ HIV & AIDS Virus AIDS - acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - was first reported in the United States in 1981 and has since become a major worldwide epidemic. AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By killing or damaging cells of the body's immune system, HIV progressively destroys the body's ability to fight infections and certain cancers. People diagnosed with AIDS may get life-threatening diseases called opportunistic infections, which are caused by microbes such as viruses or bacteria that usually do not make healthy people sick. More than 790,000 cases of AIDS have been reported in the United States since 1981, and as many as 900,000 Americans may be infected with HIV. This epidemic is growing more rapidly among minority populations and is a leading killer of African-American males ages 25 to 44. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), AIDS affects nearly seven times more African Americans and three times more Hispanics than whites. Transmission of HIV Having unprotected sex with an infected partner most commonly spreads HIV. The virus can enter the body through the lining of the vagina, vulva, penis, or mouth during sex. HIV also is spread through contact with infected blood. Before donated blood was screened for evidence of HIV infection and before heat-treating techniques to destroy HIV in blood products were introduced. HIV was transmitted through transfusions having the contaminated blood or blood components. Today, because of blood screening and heat treatment, the risk of getting HIV from such transfusions is extremely small.

Emilias Contemporary Stand :: essays research papers

Emilia’s Contemporary Stand In equation with the Elizabethan era, Shakespeare offers us a male dominated society in his renowned tragedy, Othello. Consequently, this definitely persuades a negative attitude and demeanor towards the women of the times. The female characters in the play: Desdemona, Emilia, and Bianca; play relevant roles in contributing to one’s understanding of this exhausted Elizabethan view. In contrast to the larger portion of the play, Emilia, spouse to the scandalous Iago, takes an opinionated stand for Desdemona in relation to her wholesome gone sour relationship with the Moor of Venice, Othello. I recognize Emilia’s â€Å"Betrayal lecture† as a justified outlook in accordance with today’s period and events surrounding Desdemona’s and Othello’s fatal misunderstanding. In Act IV, scene ii and iii, Emilia shows her contemporary views about relationships to the audience and talks to Desdemona while doing so. She believes that many men and women are commonly guilty of cheating and betrayal of their partner. At this point, Othello’s worries of Desdemona’s unfaithfulness have wholly increased, and he begins to accuse her of cheating on him. Desdemona then hopes Othello sees to her honesty and truthfulness of the matter. â€Å"I hope my noble lord esteems me honest† (Act IV, scene II line 67). Othello counters her begging by beginning his sarcasm and request for her to never have been born. He says, â€Å"O, ay. As summer flies are in the shambles,that quicken even with blowing. O Thou weed, Who art so lovely fair and smell’st so sweet That the sense aches at thee, would thou hadst ne’er been born!†(Act IV scene II lines 68-70) As Desdemona constantly denies his accusations, Othello becomes very angry. He asks for her forgiveness (jokingly) and says â€Å"I took you for that cunning whore of Venice† (Act IV, scene ii, line 93). Desdemona is left mad by Othello’s ridicule and listens to Emilia’s contrasting attitude. As Othello and Lodovico leave the scene, the Moor commands Desdemona to exit Emilia’s presence and exclaims, â€Å"get you to bed on th’ instant.(Act IV scene iii line 7). Emilia fervently disagrees with Othello and graces us with her pro- female attitudes once again by saying, â€Å" I would you had never seen him†, with Desdemona agreeing light-heartedly as well.(Act IV scene iii lines 19-20) . Emilia displays to Desdemona a helping hand and says to leave Othello if she is so hurt by his â€Å"understandings†. â€Å"†¦Having the world for your labor, ‘tis a wrong in your own world, and you might quickly make it right† She is basically explaining to Desdemona to leave Othello for his ludicrous antics.

Custom Written Essays: Rating Hamlet -- The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

Rating Hamlet  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Is this Shakespearean tragedy Hamlet at the top of the rating chart, or is it just near the top? This essay intends to examine various aspects of this subject, along with critical opinion.    Could the enduring reputation of Hamlet   be attributed to the â€Å"ultimate form† in which the Bard of Avon expressed his ideas? Robert B. Heilman says so in â€Å"The Role We Give Shakespeare†:    It is the way of venerable texts whose authenticity has impressed itself on the human imagination: he has said many things in what seems an ultimate form, and he is a fountainhead of quotation and universal center of allusion. â€Å"A rose by any other name† comes to the mouth as readily as â€Å"Pride goeth before a fall,† and seems no less wise. [. . .] The Ophelia-Laertes relationship is strongly felt near the end of Goethe’s Faust, Part I, and the Hamlet-Gertrude-Claudius triangle echoes throughout Chekhov’s Sea Gull (24-25).    This play is ranked by many as the very greatest ever written. Cumberland Clark in â€Å"The Supernatural in Hamlet† gives the consensus regarding Hamlet that exists among literary critics of today:    At least six or seven years pass after the writing of Midsummer Night’s Dream before we find Shakespeare engaged on Hamlet, the second of the great plays with an important Supernatural element, and, in the opinion of many, the greatest tragedy ever penned. (99)    There is no more exalted ranking than the above. Richard A. Lanham in the essay â€Å"Superposed Plays† maintains that no other English tragedy has generated the literary comment which this play has produced: â€Å"Hamlet is one of the great tragedies. It has generated more comment than any other written document in English literatu... ...iversity Press, 1965. Lanham, Richard A. â€Å"Superposed Plays.† Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from The Motives of Eloquence: Literary Rhetoric in the Renaissance. N.p.: Yale University Press, 1976. Levin, Harry. General Introduction. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos. Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"Hamlet: A Man Who Thinks Before He Acts.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar. N. p.: Pocket Books, 1958.

Effects of TV viewing on children Essay

Children are to be considered as the hope of the tomorrow. They are the one who make our world beautiful and meaningful because of their innocence and simplicity. But are these facts still true nowadays? Or it will be just a â€Å"dream† for us now? Children’s characters, personalities and their totality as individual first develop and mold inside the home where parents are oblige and responsible to teach their children the good values and morals. But the irony for this issue is that, parents tend to forget their responsibilities as parents in supervising their kids, due to their hectic schedules and demands of their work, especially in watching television where children are expose to different kinds of indecent advertisements and commercials. Parents should allot time in spending quality moments and be on the side of their children in order for them to explain the advertisements and commercials which have an adult content. This paper argues the negative effects of television viewing on children. Television is a very powerful tool to the learning of the children and it can educate them in many ways whether it is profitable or destructive to their morals and values. It contributes much most especially when parents let their children watch indecent television shows anytime of the day without their supervision. There are also shows on TV that create fear to the hearts of these children because they are able to internalize what they have seen. In a researched entitled â€Å"Television† and conducted by the University of Michigan Health System stated that â€Å"in a usual American household, there are about 7 hours spend by children in watching television everyday and there are about tens of thousands of commercials observed by the kids on TV which the public relations mark. And not only that, every year the range of 1,000 to 2,000 children watched TV ads for alcohol and the fears attributed by the television can create sleep problems. A survey showed that there was about 37 percent of the kids stated that they were terrified by a TV story and the symptoms for this included anxious feelings, withdrawing from friends, nightmares†¦(see â€Å"Television† University of Michigan Health System). There are also commercials that speak about sex. It is called sex in advertising. The use of sexual attraction as a tool of persuasion by drawing attention, interest to a particular product for the purpose of promotion and increase in sales had been a part of marketing and advertising industry for quite some time. The method generally uses attractive models, usually in a suggestive or provocative scene. The past two decades have witnessed an increasing use of explicit sexual appeal in consumer-oriented print advertising and particularly of women as the object of sexual desire that it has reached to the point of being common. The use of sex in advertising on television can range from being highly overt to extremely subtle; from explicit displays of sexual acts or nudity, down to the use of basic cosmetic products to enhance attractiveness. The more subtle forms of this spectrum have seeped into other types of media. One such example is the criteria in the selection of DJs and announcers, which is based on the â€Å"sexiness† of their voice. The use of sexual imagery in advertising has received a barrage of criticisms on various grounds. Moral and religious groups oppose it for being obscene. Feminist groups raise the issue of women’s rights, that it reduces women as mere ‘objects’. Others believe that it only reinforces sexism. Sex in marketing through the years has become raunchier and raunchier, with each advertisement trying to outdo the last. Since it has become a powerful force in the marketing industry, we see the market being saturated with signs of glamorous blond women and muscle-rippling playboys. However, recent studies indicate that such a tool is no longer the sure-way answer to every marketing officer’s prayer. Although most companies utilize sex as their largest promoter of their product(s), negative results may never be far behind. Sexual ads do not always appeal to all consumers and accept sex as an acceptable marketing tool. A study done by Susan Cummings for the American Demographics Magazine, quoted that â€Å"75 percent of women and 53 percent of men aged 35 to 54 said that sex in advertising can be offensive† (Cited in â€Å"Sex Sells†¦No, Really! †). Other concerns being raised is how the youth react to this and how they perceive sex in advertising. There are many different opinions on how sexual appeal in advertising is defined. A slight difference had been found between young men and women. Sexual appeal for young women did not depend on how people looked in the advertisement. Focus is more on movement. It does not even have to include nudity, and models need not be exceptionally good looking for the ad to be even considered sexual. Young men also believe that the movement and the appearance of the models are of great importance. Both genders perceive an ad as sexual through words and images, even without images of nudity among the characters. Therefore, this study came to the following conclusions: that advertisement do not have to contain nudity to be perceived by young men and women as sexual in character; even movement and appearance of the models in the advertisement can make it sexual in nature; young men differ from their women counterparts in the sense that they believe that exceptional good looks among models require an ad campaign to be so. They also believe that there is too much sex in advertising, even observing that there are companies who make use of sexual appeal even if their product is discordant with the sexual image. These young men also see advertisements as discriminating to both men and women. This research also came to the same conclusion that buying behavior does not change, since nudity in advertisement has become so common. Young female respondents also believe that there is too much sex in advertising and these failed to elicit responses. Reaction of tension came only if the image is tasteless. However, for young women, attitude and buying behavior might change if an advertisement based on sexual appeal is too sexual. A favorable response comes only if the sexual appeal is done tastefully and the appeal has any connection towards the brand. Their self-image and confidence is affected when it showed attractive models. Corporations are then urged to make considerations in aiming advertising towards youth in using sexual appeals in their advertisement campaigns. This means that children are prone to adapt thwarted values and morals which will affect sooner to their development as individuals and contribute in the later part of their lives. Being TV addicts is more treacherous and hazardous than taking a drug because it disseminates violence, spoils people’s intellects, and ruins not only the individual but as well as our nation and culture. In conclusion, it cannot deny that children are great imitators and that is one of their natures. They really follow and imitate what they have seen and observed from other people especially when they realize that these people involve manifests excitement in doing such acts. Present television’s advertisements, commercials, shows and movies already content indecent acts such as violence, sensual actions or sex, drinking and taking drugs which have great impact to the minds of the younger generations. These kinds of entertainments will create curiosity and puzzlements to their young minds that will push them to try it by themselves. The advertisers really put an effort to convey their audiences-whether young or old-whom the actions perform on TV, those actions are worth emulating for and because of this, children are motivated to imitate it. The University of Michigan Health System further discussed that â€Å"TV shows usually speak about the use of alcohol. The existence of alcohol on TV resorts the gamut from prime-time programs†¦In addition, the researched informed us that those who are TV addicts are more similarly to smoke cigarettes and marijuana. However, parents are not open in discussing issues such as birth control, sexually transmitted disease and sex and even schools are lacking to give information about sex education programs and due to such reasons, children are able to acquire sex information through watching TV. In a survey disclosed the fact that there were about 76 percent of teenagers attested that one intuition why young people indulge in sex because TV movies and programs make such thing as common and ordinary for their age group (see â€Å"Television† University of Michigan Health System).

A Non-Bourgeois Analysis of Tout Va Bien

Jose Alvarez English 2 David Lau A Non-Bourgeois Analysis of Tout Va Bien In the 21st century modern cinematic film industry an audience is enabled to experience a wide array of films beholding an eminently developed Hollywood perspective. Hollywood blockbusters assuredly dominate the United States film industry for various reasons. The general population absorbing modern Hollywood movies may manage to argue that the highly advanced state of the art techniques that blockbuster films utilize in order to enhance and flourish their big screen cinemas are the ideal justifications of their success.Such film techniques can vary widely from exquisite execution of state of the art animation, proficient synchronization of movie scores and progressive character augmentation just to name a few. These Hollywood methods tend to be harmonized collectively and conglomeratized for the constantly recycled concept of progressive plot development. Although many filmmakers have effectively exploited sim ilar progressive concepts for years, it has also inspired other filmmakers to create inverted juxtapositional styled films.The collaborative film Tout Va Bien by the Dziga Vertov Group which consists of Jean-Luc Godard and Jean-Pierre Gorin is an exemplification of such a counter Hollywood style film. Brian Henderson a film critic and writer of â€Å"Towards a Non-Bourgeois Camera Style,† characterized Godard’s approach on certain films as â€Å"non-bourgeois† for various reasons. Henderson’s essential point was concerned with Godard’s camera style, yet there is also other demonstrations of Godard’s non-bourgeois approach to filmmaking.Additional elements outside of camera style range from political topics, adoption of Brectian mechanisms and the use of other deviant aesthetic filmmaking devices. When considering Henderson’s term â€Å"non-bourgeois,† its primary and essential definition is when filmmakers develop anti-illusion ary and authentically realistic films. Godard’s films from 1967 onwards had this anti-illusionary perspective because of multiple reasons. The first reason to consider in regards to Godard’s non-bourgeois approach stemmed from student protests that broke out in France during the May of 1968. According to CollinMacCabe, writer of Postscript to May 1968 â€Å"French students occupied the administrative offices of the University of the Sorbonne in protest against planned government reforms of the university† (MacCabe 19. ) This modest student protest progressively gained support and cooperation from hundreds of thousands of workers. It eventually turned into a massive revolt that brought the French economy to a temporary halt and almost collapsed France’s government of the time. The repercussions of these events had a sizeable impact on Godard since it conveyed his proceeding films to become more political.Godard not only politicized his work by subject matt er but more dominantly by the aesthetic process of â€Å"creating a film politically. † Godard utilized various aesthetic strategies to express his political intentions. One specific approach that embodied the non-bourgeois political aspect in Tout Va Bien was the camera style. Henderson described this camera style as a â€Å"slow tracking shot that moves purely laterally-usually in one direction†¦over a scene that does not itself move, or strictly speaking, that does not move in any relation to the camera’s movement. According to Henderson this unique camera style enhances an anti-illusionary perspective due to its flatness and avoidance of depth. Two big scenes from Tout Va Bien that make use of this aesthetic approach are the final supermarket scene and the Barbie house styled factory set during the strike. A secondary non-bourgeois political device that Godard and Gorin utilized in Tout Va Bien was Brecthian distanciation. This method which was adopted from B ertolt Brecth is when actors actively express and represent themselves as actors, therefore estranging and distancing the audience.The purpose of this device intends to ruin illusion and inform the audience that the movie is an aesthetic work of art and not a real life situation. Another utilized device similar to Brechtian distanciation was the conceptual approach of breaking the fourth wall. This concept, which was also adopted from Brecht, is the acknowledgement and interaction between the actors and the audience in order to raise awareness of fiction. One major way that Tout Va Bien broke the fourth wall was by having actors look and talk straight into the camera.The scenes that utilized this concept exceedingly well where the ones which showcased one-sided interviews such as the ones with Jacques the filmmaker, the union representative, the Salumi factory boss and a female worker. A third aspect that made Tout Va Bien a non-bourgeois style film was its editing style. Godard and Gorin progressed their scenes strangely and often left the viewer open-ended towards the ultimate meaning. It seems that they intended to lead their audience vaguely by placing subtle hints of the films direction and leaving it open for the audience to interpret.The editing of the scenes really demanded activation from the audience since they usually had clever little inferences towards the filmmakers aesthetic intentions. One scene that really presented this unconventional editing style was when the boss needed to urinate. Due to factory workers blocking access to restrooms, the boss eventually broke a window inside of his own office in order to urinate out of it. A few scenes later however, the same window in the boss’s office is no longer broken.An earlier scene that also displayed this grotesque editing style had the camera locked on Susan while a conversation between Jacques and the boss was being heard. Susan eventually joined the conversation auditorially but you coul d not visually see her mouth moving with the pronunciation of the words. Lastly, of the reasons that Tout Va Bien is considered to be non-bourgeois is the political subject matter. Many classical Hollywood films hardly touch on political content but Tout Va Bien’s central plot revolved around the concept of class struggle.Conversations of class struggle were established throughout the film from various political perspectives ranging from that of the workers, the boss and the union representative. From the workers perspective many of them politicized about the negative aspects of their job, such as exhaustion, injuries and bad wages. In the boss’s perspective his political argument criticized that class struggle had become irrelevant and that Marxist philosophies where long gone. In the final political perspective, the union representative stated his agreement with the workers opinions but disapproved of their approach in starting the wildcat strike.Analyzing Tout Va Bi en from a non-bourgeois perspective, it was undoubtedly created in antagonism of Hollywood cinema. Many of the ways the film was directed and edited embraced deviance from what classical Hollywood films would consider norms. Everything from using political topics to presenting some of the film in non-chronological order contributed to the non-bourgeois perspective. This approach is quite possibly a conscious critique towards classical cinema since it juxtaposes Hollywood culture and exposes its artificiality.It emphasizes self-reflexive interpretation to draw out activation from its audience and promotes didacticism, which often lacks in Hollywood films. Tout Va Bien is fundamentally embedded with political arguments against Hollywood cinema, capitalism and class structure. It may very well be that the film was ultimately created to inform and stimulate activism. Works Cited Henderson, Brian, â€Å"Towards a Non-Bourgeois Camera Style. † Film Theory and Criticism MacCabe, Col in, â€Å"Postscript to May 1968. † English 2 Reader Spring 2012: 19-22.