Into The Wild By Jon Krakauer - 895 Words

In the book â€Å"Into the Wild†, Jon Krakauer tells us the story about the life of a young man named Chris McCandless. Raised in a middle class family in Virginia, McCandless lived with his father, Walt; his mother, Billie; and his sister Carine. Chris was intelligent, athletic, extremely well rounded, and had a natural talent for anything he attempted. After graduating from Emory University with a bachelor’s degree, he tells his family that he plans to â€Å"disappear for a while†. What Chris does is he abandons his possessions, donates his entire life savings to charity, and hitch-hikes his way to Alaska to live alone in the wilderness. McCandless spent 112 days hunting animals and gathering plants for survival, however, on September 6th, 1992, his decaying body was discovered on an abandoned bus, starved to death. Although Chris made heedless decisions that subsequently drove him to his death, I admire him for his self-reliance, perseverance, and bravery. The main reason I admire McCandless is the fact that he always had to do things his way, without the help from others. For a college graduation present, Chris’s parents offered to buy him a new car, which he refused. The act of refusing the kind gift was not to offend his parents, but to make a statement that he preferred to drive a car that he earned himself. At his high school graduation party, which Billie and Walt threw for him, Chris gave his father an expensive Questar telescope as an early birthday gift. Although he wasShow MoreRelatedInto the Wild by Jon Krakauer563 Words   |  2 PagesJon Krakauer presents Into The Wild a tragic tale of a young ambitious man who is motivated to go into the wilderness and discover his true identity.Jon krakauer conveys many messages to his readers through Chris McCandless, and his messages often offer a warning to society.we will furture idenitfy how the author delievers the warning to society and what effect it can have upon society today.Three of the very important messages he empatizes on are the societies influence on people,the essence ofRead MoreThe Wild By Jon Krakauer1096 Words   |  5 PagesAllyssa Mikes July 2012 Into the Wild Mr. Fertmann Throughout the non-fictional novel Into the Wild, the author Jon Krakauer catches the reader’s interest early on in the book. Krakauer takes us on a journey, telling the story of young Chris McCandless’ adventures after abandoning everything he owned. Krakauer fully emerged himself into the study of McCandless’ life’s adventures and soon developed a deep understanding of who he was and how he impacted to world. Krakauer connected with McCandless in anRead MoreInto The Wild By Jon Krakauer946 Words   |  4 Pagescompelling novel â€Å"Into The Wild† by Jon Krakauer the character and intelligence of the youth in men is questioned. Through the pieced together 200 page novel we are introduced to Christopher Johnson McCandless also known as â€Å"Alex Supertramp†. A ripe 24 years of age he chose to question our reality and his meaning of life that is given to us by hitchhiking across America to the Alaskan wilderness, where after four months in the last frontier he is found dead. Krakauer throughout the novel shows thatRead MoreInto The Wild By Jon Krakauer1330 Words   |  6 Pagesshared.† - Jon Krakauer Into the wild. Jon Krakauer, the author of Into the Wild told the story of Chris McCandless. Chris escaped reality and went to go live off the land in Alaska, hoping to live a simpler life. In the novel, Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer, Chris McCandless shared a similar philosophy with Jack London, as they both have a strong passion for Alaska, they both appreciated they beauty of nature, and both wanted to be reborn. In the novel, Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer, Chris McCandlessRead MoreInto The Wild By Jon Krakauer1349 Words   |  6 PagesSummary Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer is a true story about Chris McCandless who is found dead in the Alaskan wild during September 1992. After discovering that his father had a secret secondary family when Chris was young, Chris pushes away his friends and family and eventually isolates himself. He obtains $25,000 from his parents by lying about attending law school and drives away from home, deserting his real name. He later leaves his car in Georgia after an engine breakdown due to rain damageRead MoreThe Wild By Jon Krakauer1522 Words   |  7 Pagesvictories.† (Richard M. Nixon). In his investigative biography, Into the Wild, Jon Krakauer, expresses that even though young people can be ignorant and take treacherous risks, these can be used as knowledge enhancers and can be life changers. Krakauer gives us insight by giving examples of what risk really are, how people take them, and how it actually affects those people. Throughout the whole book there are instances where krakauer uses real life examples of things that have happened where people haveRead MoreInto The Wild By Jon Krakauer Essay1237 Words   |  5 Pages Jon Krakauer s novel â€Å"Into the wild†, Is a story about a young man named Christopher McCandless or â€Å"Alex Supertramp† who went on a self discovering odyssey in which he had traveled around the U.S. The story surrounds Chris and his travels and what he had done at the time, leading to his death in August 1992. Thus the story takes a direction in the viewpoints of the people Alex has come across through in his travels. It speaks about what he had done at the time of his journey before he hadRead MoreInto The Wild By Jon Krakauer1013 Words   |  5 Pages Into the Wild, by Jon Krakauer, narrates the life of adventurer and free spirit Christopher McCandless, who died August 1992 in the Alaskan wilderness; however, his journey still remains relevant in today’s pop culture due to the unresolved controversy of whether he is a saintly role model or hubristic fool. Krakauer openly states that he â€Å"won’t claim to be an impartial biographer† (Author’s Note) due to the parallels he struck with McCandless, and provides a more idealistic approach to the biographyRead MoreInto the Wild by Jon Krakauer1516 Words   |  7 PagesRosselini, John Waterman and Carl McCunn. They all went to Alaska, just like Chris and died. After that Chris continued to canoe and got caught by the US officers when he was trying to get back into the US from Mexico. So he spent a night in jail. Krakauer then compared Chris to Everett Reuss. They both changed their names and they both disappeared. Chris applied for an ID as Alex Supertramp and found a job in Los Angeles. New York Times published about Alex’s death. Jim Gallien and Wayne WesterbergRead MoreInto the Wild: by Jon Krakauer1186 Words   |  5 Pagessense Krakauers natural liking for McCandless. He was sympathetic to McCandless, based on Krakauers sense of a shared experience in their youth and up until McCandless eventual death and Krakauers perceived near death experience on the Devils Thumb. I believe the author’s main point and perspective was formed from his own experience and relationship with his father. While the situations were basically reversed with Chris not approving of his father and Lewis Krakauer disappointed in Jon for not

Issues Over Paying College Athletes - 1359 Words

In recent years, the issue of paying college athletes has come to the forefront. There is an entire market for college sports and the associations that oversee these college teams, the ones that broadcast their games on television, and the sponsors that support them make a huge profit. This brings the question, why aren’t the students who are giving their time to these sports being paid? There seems to be a misconception that college athletes aren’t being paid and that is wrong. Just in Florida, to be a student at high profile institutions such as the University of Miami, Florida or Florida State University costs an arm and a leg. Adding on the cost of living, books, and miscellaneous expenses, students are burdened by higher and higher costs of getting education, even if they have the intellect for it. Those who qualify as good enough to be athletes for these schools however get a free pass. Many athletes, especially football or basketball players, have the four years of their university expenses taken care of simply because they have the talent that the school wants. They not only get â€Å"a full, free ride†¦ [they get] tutors, study tables, human alarm clocks...[their] game is their resume† (Daugherty). I believe that because of all the perks that college athletes get for playing for a university, they should not get paid to play on top of all that. One that people seem to have a misconception of is when they â€Å"claim that college athletes earn nothing†¦student-athletes earnShow MoreRelatedWhy D1 Athletes Should Be Paid784 Words   |  4 PagesPaper According to the NCAA, student-athletes are students first and athletes second. However over the last decade there have been many questions raised about what the actual definition of what a student-athlete really is. This is because of the millions of dollars generated by institutions that broadcasting and promoting these â€Å"student-first† athletes. The main question that arises from this is should the NCAA and or institutions/ conferences be paying athletes for their services? By looking at theRead MoreDo Athletes Deserve For Get Paid?1459 Words   |  6 PagesDo Athletes Deserve to Get Paid? There seems to have been a rise in scandals in collegiate athletics over the past few years. Many athletes get a notice from the NCAA that they have been suspended from their sports’ season or several games of the season. This may shock some people to know that these athletes are being suspended for getting free food, rides, money for clothing, etc. There have been several court cases involving student-athlete scandals and many are wondering how to get to the bottomRead MoreShould College Sports Be Banned?1301 Words   |  6 PagesOver the last decade college sports have generated more and more money, for themselves and the conferences they’re affiliated with. Division I college sports, most notably football and basketball, provide a huge source of universities’ income. The schools generate revenue from selling tickets, their various television contracts, and merchandise that supports the sport programs, along with many other sports related revenue builders. Th e athletes however, get a scholarship and not much else. WhileRead MoreCollege Athletes Salaries : The Popularity Of College Sports902 Words   |  4 Pages College Athletes Salaries The popularity of college sports has risen tremendously throughout the years amongst Americans. The passion to watch college basketball, football, baseball, and other sports has generated billions of dollars to the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) and to various athletic programs throughout America. Even though, colleges are raking in millions of dollars from their sports teams. â€Å"Last year s National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)Read MoreAthletes Should Not Be Paid For Their Skill1703 Words   |  7 Pagessoccer, or gymnastics, athletes devotion and sacrifice is innumerable. Athletes spend countless hours throughout the year training and performing in competition. According to the NCAA bylaw 17.1, athletes can only spend 20 hours a week with a maximum of 4 hours a day on athletically related activities. This rule excludes pre-season and post-season training which account for the other 50% of the year. Although most athletes get enjoyment out of simply playing, some athletes feel they should be paidRead MoreThe Future Of The Ncaa1634 Words   |  7 PagesSeth M. Marshall Professor Kristen Bradley English 1010 9 November 2015 The Future of the NCAA College athletic programs are among the most popular sporting events in America. With this rise in popularity, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and its colleges have also seen a rise in revenue in recent years. In 2014, the NCAA made over 900 million dollars in revenue. Some collegiate coaches, such as Kentucky’s John Calipari, have yearly salaries in the millions, not counting incentivesRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1701 Words   |  7 Pagesto the 460,000 NCAA student-athletes, you may ask? Zero dollars and zero cents. The debate on whether or not student-athletes should be paid, specifically college football players, continues to grow. With this, it becomes increasingly more difficult to deny the fact that college sports are a multi-billion industry and coaches are being paid out multi-million dollar contracts over several years as a result of whether or not their players succeed on the field. College football is a necessary evilRead MoreResearch Paper On College Athletes1386 Words   |  6 Pages College Athletes Being Paid How is it fair that college athletic programs rake in so much money from their respective sports and don’t have to pay for their labor? College athletics plays a major role in the sports world today and will continue to be as it is growing more and more popular. With this, is the ever-growing issue of athletes in their respective programs being paid as employees. This issue has been clouding college athletics for some time and it is becoming a much larger topic sinceRead MorePaying College Athletes1061 Words   |  5 PagesCollege sports also known as the greatest source of entertainment known to man this era. There are several types of sports ranging from non- physical to the most physical contact sports. Each sport takes sacrifice and dedication to be able to perform at your best knows matter what level. The NCAA is a million dollar business that lets student athletes show their athletic ability and skill toward other individuals. That is the main reason for the creation of collegiate sports, but not to downsideRead MoreThe Ncaa Mens Basketball Tournament1686 Words   |  7 Pagesrevenue. All television and video game revenue, as well as ticket, jersey, and souvenir sales made from college athletics all go to the NCAA, the conferences, the athletic departments, and the coaches. In fact, one study suggests, â€Å"Men’s basketball and football combine for $6 billion alone† (Mondello, Piquero, Piquero, Gertz Bratton, 2013). None of that revenue goes directly to the student athlete even though the NCAA surely has enough money to do so if it chooses. USA Today writer Bruce Horovitz

Educating and Leadership Development

Question: Discuss about the Educating and Leadership Development. Answer: Introduction Self-review serves as one of the best gauges to affirm ones progress at a reasonable rate and in the right directions. It is this review that provides a basis for developing remedial actions, alternative courses of action, revisit of the objectives and modify them if necessary, redouble the effort or seek assistance. It is, however, worth noting that irrespective of the effort we invest, the result will, more often than not, differ with the expectations. There will be missed targets, objectives not achieved, and challenges along the way. All these will serve as a redirecting tool. On the other hand, there will be achievements and lesson learnt. In the essay, I aim at providing a succinct analysis with my achievements and difficulties for at least the past two months from the various lessons taught. For anyone wishing to become a successful leader and survive the dynamism of the current corporate world; session 2 on the traits and characteristics of leaders inarguably plays an indispensable role. The major learning outcome from the session is the ability to become an influential leader capable of generating goodwill among the subordinate to achieve organizational goals. Besides, the session enables an individual gauge himself on his capability to become a successful leader among gauges such as assertiveness, enthusiasm, power motive, and strong work ethics among others (Zaccaro, 2007, p.8). Even more interesting is the fact that as a leader, wearing a hard face each time with no smile and always being stern on your employees will not guarantee positive results. Employees are humans with feelings, emotions, stresses, and other personal feelings. At the end of the session one, as a leader, learns to become a friend to his employees who can cause a smile on their face due to their great sense of humor, he can warn them, correct them in a friendly manner if they go wrong, and more essentially, let the employees learn from your own attitude and commitment (Gotsis and Kortezi, 2010, p. 503). However, although effective leaders must possess some key features which include, but not limited to the relationship with both superiors and juniors, personality traits, and cognitive skills; there exists no gauge against which to assess leader who possesses such skills. It all depends on the public perception. More specifically, the question that comes in is, how do I know that Im a successful leader? Do I possess leadership traits? What level of confidence and enthusiasm is appropriate or not suitable for a leader? Closely related to the leadership traits and characteristics are the behaviours, styles, as well as attitudes that characterise a successful leader. At the end of the session, one becomes better acquitted to lead people in different prerogative and more importantly adapt his behaviour to suit the circumstance. The adage that leaders are born and not made, however, seems to be a conflict in itself due to empirical evidence presented by history (Yukl, 2008, p. 711). While some leaders such as Churchill and Napoleon seems to have been born leaders; other leaders such as Barack Obama appear to be more made leaders rather than born leaders. However, at the end of the lesson, one reaches an inescapable conclusion that there exists neither an absolutely born or made leader. Why? Without the innate abilities that serve to predispose certain people to become leaders being strengthened with education, such abilities are nothing better than dead. On the other hand, the suggestion that leaders p ossess no extraordinary endowments and abilities seems to negate the absolute fact that we are all born with different abilities. As such, one cannot be solely taught how to become a leader without possessing some of the inborn abilities of a successful leader. Education primarily serves to tap that ability and magnify it such that one becomes a leader (Lovvorn and Chen, 2011, p. 280, a fact which would not have been the case had he/she undergone the training. We cannot, however, overlook the fact that all remarkable leaders command a significant leadership history behind them. They cast themselves as leaders from the word go. On the other hand, enrolling in management and leadership program will not necessarily make one a leader upon the completion of such a program. Khana and Afzalb (2011, p. 1398) further notes that one can learn soft skills, but they cannot be implanted in him/her. At the end of the lesson, the highlight of the day is that leadership rather than being a science is an art. That is, leadership serves as a collection of inborn traits which education, experience, and training serve to refine and perfect over time. One of the main achievement is the recognition of ones ability to become a leader and perfect that trait. After the end of the fourth lesson, one learns the slight support of charismatic leadership on the adage that leaders are born. Charismatic leadership theory advocates for the charismatic leader to influence the followers based on the inherent and supernatural powers of the head. At the end of this lesson, one learns how charisma, as a gift, sets a leader apart from the ordinary people. Even more importantly, one learns how to become a charismatic leader by articulating ideological goals and ability to generate a radical vision and ideas. One, however, faces a challenge; what happens when a leader do not possess an innate character of charisma? Does this mean he/she wont become a leader (Okoro, 2012, p. 136)? Given the fact that charismatic leaders command a huge followership who have an unshakable belief and discernment of the leader being gifted and extraordinary, does this not avail an avenue for the leader to misuse his power or exploit the subordinates. As an individual with a p assionate and self-driven individual with an ability to take personal risk, at the end of the lesson, one is hugely convinced that he/she is a charisma leader. Most individuals possess several of the qualities of a charisma leader which include but not limited to self-confidence, deep affection, high self-esteem, and high goals. As such, at the end of the lesson, one is better acquitted to become a better charisma leader by building on these innate abilities. Also worth pointing out is that some of the charisma leaders include Mikhail Gorbachev, Martin Luther King, and former U.S President John F. Kennedy. Contrary to the charismatic leadership, at the end of session 5, one is empowered to become a transformational leader by imparting the characteristics of a charismatic leader into the followers/employees. As such, it seems that in transformational leadership, the leader aims at creating charismatic leaders from the followers. The reason being that a transformational leader aims at motivating his/her followers to achieve the organisational goals and objectives beyond the expected results. As such, the leader has to develop suitable methods for inspiring a change of attitude, beliefs, and values and not necessarily seek compliance from the followers. Harteis (2012, p.101) notes that research has served to demonstrate that transformational leadership command a huge impact in military domains. The difficulty, however, comes in when generating appropriate methods to motivate attitude change among the followers as the slightest blunder must result into grave errors in the organisation. Tha t notwithstanding, at the end of the topic, a student have the capacity to develop his/her team into charismatic leaders. As Johnson (2008, p.87) argues, coaching plays an indispensable role in transformational leadership given the fact that it is through coaching that a leader can impart certain skills and behavioural approach to particular circumstances. As such, one gains the knowledge on some of the complementary concepts that complement other tasks for better results. As a leader would you act as a chameleon-like leader, who changes his color to adapt to the circumstances at the workplace or do you act in such a way that you change the color of the work environment to suit your leadership style? Are your presence and effect felt at the workplace or do you feel your presence and the effect of the workplace in you? These are some of the most vital questions that a leader has to answer. At the end of sessions, four and five one is better suited to become a better leader depending on the circumstance. Among key achievements is the experience that a leader has to make his presence and influence be felt at the workplace (Harris and Leberman, 2012, P.36). His ideology has to be bought and subscribed to by most of the employees if the leader is to have any impact on the organisation. While situational leadership theory advocates for a chameleon-like approach to leadership by the fact that situation serves to dictate which leadership style a leader had to adopt; the contingency model differs a little bit. Otherwise known as the fielders theory, the contingency theory advocates for a leaders influence and presence to be felt at the workplace. As Caligiuri and Tarique (2012, P. 620) argues, leadership style serves as a rather fixed aspect which is difficult to change. The difficulty, however, comes in when a mismatch between the situation and the leadership style exist. The primary learning outcome is that one is better acquitted to become a better leader in all situations. We cannot overlook the relationship between power, politics, and leadership especially owing to the immense power attributable to political offices (Byrd, 2007, p. 277). At the end of session 7, as a student can recognise the role played by politics in organisations. Besides, one learns how to attain personal power in an organisational setting by seeking to gain an understanding on how organisations assign power to make decisions to various individuals and offices. As such, I am better acquitted to become an influential leader in any organisation not only through the formal power gained from the organisation but also from the innate ability to lead. The challenge, however, comes in when trying to figure out a solution in a circumstance where different people in the same organisation aggressively advance conflicting interest (Amagoh, 2009, p. 993). It is at this crucial time that an understanding of the political dynamics comes to our rescue. One learns the immense benefit of understa nding the political dynamics of any organisation as it serves to influence both negotiations and mediation. As such the lesson has made me develop critical and reflective thinking abilities and recognise the impact of organisational politics in leading change and resolving the conflict among employees with conflicting interests. Among the powers that one need to either acquire or generate innately include referent power, technocrat power, codetermination power, autocratic power, and democratic power. Among the most notable learning outcome from the topic 8 is the fact that there exists a critical area of departure between leading and managing people; however, the two disciplines are not without some grey areas. While leading focuses on stimulating commitment and good will among the followers such that they work due to their personal initiatives (Northouse, 2015, p. 193), management, on the other hand, focuses on getting the work done through the power vested in the manager by the organisation. The difficulty, however, comes in when distinguishing the results of a leader-lead team from those of a manager lead team. Since there are not price tags to set out the differences, we are enmeshed in a muddle particularly when both results are each and in the same direction. Although, we learnt to form the topic that leadership aim primarily at influencing people and the three most possible outcomes from such influence is compliance and commitment, one is still left in the dark. Which fact or serves as a gauge of influence? (Den and Belschak, 2012, p. 197). Is it positive results, working without complaints, following the directions and guidelines from the leaders, or meeting the target? If this is the case, then managers might not be different from leaders since due to fear of punishment say for example demotion or firing, workers might generate a faked commitment to their jobs to cast themselves in a positive light in front of the manager. Will such a move make a manager a leader? Does it mean that a manager leading stubborn employees is not a leader? The questions serve as the primary challenge in understanding the concept on leadership and management. At the end of lesson nine and ten, one affirms the fact that no man is an island. No one can do it on his/her own. A manager cannot afford to overlook the immense benefit that comes with teamwork which includes but not limited to the generation of synergy (1+1=3) (Chiang and Wang, 2012, p.216), help an individual employee gain acceptance in the group, and enhancing each members job satisfaction. However, teamwork does not come without some challenges which include loss of power and the unnecessary power to conform to the groups norms and chief opinions. Regardless of the shortcomings, Aggarwa (2011, p.58) notes that the benefits of teamwork justify the costs it comes in with. At the end of the lesson, one develops the ability not only to perform but also to lead service in group settings. Besides, given the fact that being a leader encompasses the leader being part of the team (Mohamadkhani and Nasiri, 2012, p.57) one has to express empathy as opposed to sympathy for other team members especially those who have diverse opinions and attitudes towards us. Coaching serves as one of the best tools that enable employees to ply to their strength and abilities and also helps in minimising the blind spots on their jobs. The main challenge that a student faces in this session is that, as empirical evidence has proved, there exist no standard method of delivering coaching programs. Even if a model were to exist, it would not take into account the diversity of organisations and its members. At this point, as a leader, one is left in a muddle. Conclusion At the end of this lesson, as a student, I am left ready to be a leader who understands what needs to be done, where it needs to be done, how it have to be done to achieve the desired results, and to what extent it needs to be applied. References Aggarwa, R.B., 2011. Developing a global mindset: Integrating demographics, sustainability, technology, and globalization, Journal of Teaching in International Business, 22(1): 51-69. Amagoh, F.K., 2009. Leadership development and leadership effectiveness, Management Decision, 47(6): 989- 999. Byrd, M., 2007. Educating and developing leaders of racially diverse organizations, Human Resource Development Quarterly, 18(2), 275-279. Caligiuri, P., and Tarique, I., 2012. Dynamic cross-cultural competencies and global leadership effectiveness, Journal of World Business, 47(4): 612-622. Chiang, C. F., and Wang, Y. Y., 2012. The effects of transactional leadership and transformational leadership on organizational commitment in Hotels: The mediating effect of trust, Journal of Hotel and Business Management, 1(1): 213-236 Den, D. N., and Belschak, F. D., 2012. When does transformational leadership enhance employee proactive behavior? The role of autonomy and role breadth self-efficacy, Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(1), 194-202. Gotsis, G. N., and Kortezi, Z., 2010. Ethical Considerations in Organizational Politics: Expanding the Perspective, Journal of Business Ethics, 93: 497-517. Harris, C. A., and Leberman, S. I., 2012. Leadership development for women in New Zealand universities: Learning from the New Zealand women in leadership program, Advances in Developing Human Resources, 14(1), 28-44. Harteis, C., 2012. When workplace learning fails: Individual and organizational limitations? Exemplarily demonstrated by the issue of responsibility in work life, International Journal of Human Resources Development and Management, 12 (1): 92-107. Johnson, H. H., 2008. Mental models and transformative learning: The key to leadership development, Human Resource Development Quarterly, 19(1), 85-89. Khana, M. A., and Afzalb, H., 2011. High level of education builds up strong relationship between organizational culture and organization performance in Pakistan, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(7), 1387-1400. Lovvorn, A. S., and Chen, J.-S., 2011. Developing a global mindset: The relationship between an international assignment and cultural intelligence, International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(9), 275-282. Mohamadkhani, K., and Nasiri L. M., 2012. Emotional intelligence and organizational commitment between the hotel staff in Tehran, Iran, American Journal of Business and Management, 1(2), 54-59. Northouse, P. G., 2015. Leadership: Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications. Okoro, E., 2012. Cross-cultural etiquette and communication in global business: Toward a strategic framework for managing corporate expansion, International Journal of Business and Management, 7(16), 130-138. Swanson, R. A., and Holton, E. F., 2009. Foundations of human resource development (2nd Ed.). San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler. Yukl, G., 2008. How leaders influence organizational effectiveness, The Leadership Quarterly, 19(6), 708-722. Zaccaro, S. J., 2007. Trait-based perspectives of leadership, American Psychologist, 62(1), 6-16.

Advancement Of Disk4U Data Frameworks †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Advancement Of Disk4U Data Frameworks. Answer: Introduction ERP framework selection has to a great extent denoted the advancement of Disk4U data frameworks (AISs). Present day AISs can possibly impact business execution. The reason of this learning is for analyzing the impact of the Disk4U data framework for an ERP the environment on the organization execution. We research the immediate impacts of top administration contribution furthermore, outer aptitude on the AIS. We likewise analyze the association impact of Disk4U employees competency with the impact on the AIS and also test its effect on the firm execution change. We direct an exact investigation of Disk4U embracing ERP frameworks. We utilize the halfway minimum square (PLS) advance for speculation testing. The outcomes demonstrate that top administration association and outer ability affect the AIS. Moreover, they demonstrate that the Disk4U procedures utilized after ERP framework appropriation impact firm execution. The connection impact of Disk4U staff competency with the AIS positi vely affects firm execution change. (IFINEDO 2007) An ERP is the perplexing arrangement of the applications of PC intended to integrate the capacities and procedures within the similar organization. This is the framework that can show a comprehensive vision for the organization's production by sharing the typical and incorporated database. In the period of ERP framework AIS that have be ended up wealthier. In the below we have explained the details that are based on the case study Disk4U where the main purpose of this company is for selling Vinyl records and CDs. (BOULIANNE 2007) How and also to what degree does the execution of a Disk4U data framework in an ERP setting impact corporate execution? We propose to build up an examination model to think about the direct and association impacts that might exist among the AIS, the possibility components and also the execution of the business. In this study we are intriguing the company Disk4U which is based on the three levels: On the hypothetical level, this exploration will emphasize the interest of specific performers by providing the determination of Disk4U data frameworks. These on-screen characters are top administration, outside specialists and Disk4U staff. (Ismail 2011) On the methodological level, this exploration will break down the immediate and directing impacts between Disk4U data framework attributes in an ERP situation and possibility components and corporate execution. On a viable level, if a connection could be built up between the possibility variables and the Disk4U data framework attributes, it would be essential for business pioneers to give more opportunity to examining their own Disk4U data frameworks. (CAGLIO 2003) Contingency Theory Contingency hypothesis has recommended that hierarchical viability results from the relationship between hierarchical qualities furthermore, possibility elements. A writing audit recognized that some past exploration has centered its enthusiasm on the investigation of hierarchical variables as unexpected elements that might impact Disk4U data frameworks. (KANELLOU 2011) Contingency hypothesis likewise recommends that hierarchical execution enhances as a consequence of the cooperation among hierarchical structure and setting. In this, the setting, a more noteworthy level of the fit among the connection and it also prompt the structure better hierarchical execution. This company is based on the small business which was owned by the family which was spread among the metropolis of the Syndey. (CHAPELLIER 2010) Relations among the AIS attributes in the domain of ERP A writing survey permitted us to watch that the portrayal of AISs in an ERP setting can be made by Disk4U writing and the data frameworks writing. In the Disk4U writing, described AISs by their Disk4U and administration control hones, by money related investigation and by the adjusted scorecard. We propose, in this manner, to describe the AIS in an ERP domain by joining the Disk4U writing with the data frameworks writing. We contend that this data framework is portrayed by the Disk4U hones utilized, by the data quality and also by framework of ERP quality. Below are the areas which company needs improvement with the help of technology in the areas of business and accounting reporting. (CHENHALL 2003) Disk4U rehearses utilized The presentation of ERP innovation has essentially modified the Disk4U hones either at the budgetary administration and reporting Disk4U level or also at procedures of inspecting and expense level. AISs offer the potential use of general Disk4U hones, monetary administration practices and administration control rehearses. (KARRUDDIN 2010) Data quality A few creators have portrayed AISs by some advanced characteristics of the Disk4U data delivered by these data frameworks. These qualities are data scope, auspiciousness, level of conglomeration and coordination. A Disk4U data framework ought to give applicable data continuously and ought to often write about the most vital occasions and give fast input on the past innovation. (DE GUINEA 2005) ERP framework quality It was characterized framework quality as the specialized attributes of the data framework. By et al. (2005), the quality of the ERP framework will comprises of its usability, adaptability, unwavering quality, short time of the reaction and capacities for valuable particular. They will display the attributes of the learning simplicity, convenience, adaptability, convenience and mix to distinguish the nature of framework for ERP. Effect of data quality on the Disk4U hones utilized: The nature of data got from the AIS affects the Disk4U hones utilized. Effect of ERP framework quality on the Disk4U hones utilized: ERP framework quality affects the Disk4U hones utilized.(DELONE 2003) Effects of outside mastery quality on the AIS Outside mastery quality and data quality: Outside mastery eludes to outer arbiters' substances, for example, the ERP merchants and IT specialists who give the learning, preparing, upkeep and other specialized backing for organizations that have actualized ERP frameworks. The nature of outer skill affects the nature of the data issued by the AIS. (MALDONADO 2009) Outside mastery quality and ERP framework quality: The bolster comes fundamentally from the protection of specialized help and critical support, continuous upgrades and dependable administration. Along these lines, great outside skill would empower organizations to reinforce the utilization of complex frameworks, for example, ERP and accomplish their hierarchical targets. The nature of outside skill affects ERP framework quality. Outer aptitude quality and the Disk4U rehearse utilized: IT experts and ERP sellers can be measured as the channels for interpersonal to give illumination and extra data on an ERP framework and hence encourage the presentation of new Disk4U hones. The nature of outer skill affects the Disk4U hones utilized. (Drury 2007) Effects of top administration responsibility to the AIS Top administration responsibility and data quality: An official that are having extraordinary learning or the innovation of data is more prepared to understand the configuration of the AIS. Top administration duty to the ERP usage venture affects the nature of the data issued by the AIS. (NI 2007) Top administration responsibility and ERP framework quality: In the connection of ERP, it was demonstrated that top administration duty takes an interest in a roundabout way in ERP framework quality by means of its positive impact on struggle determination amid the execution process. Top administration duty to an ERP usage venture has an impact on an ERP framework quality. Top administration responsibility and the Disk4U rehearse utilized: The pioneer will ask for more broad data to fulfill his business needs. Top administration responsibility to the ERP usage venture affects the Disk4U rehearses utilized. (GABLE 2003) Communication between AIS, Disk4U employees competency and organization execution The competency of Disk4U staff is a vital element in the accomplishment of the Disk4U data framework. These individuals from staff are called upon to finish different errands with respect to the Disk4U, money, and data arrangement of the association. In the setting of ERP, a bookkeeper must show a capacity to work in gatherings in light of the fact that the data is partaken progressively. The relationship in the middle of AIS and industry execution is directed by the capability of Disk4U faculty; organizations are more productive with able Disk4U staff. (GALANI 2010) Implementation of the ERP process Accordingly association ought to concentrate on the accompanying strategy: Build up a legitimate arrangement: Before starting to wear down any ERP utilization prepare, some masterminding must be done. Most importantly else pick whether this time is impeccable to execute ERP or not. Center: This is a noteworthy part of a productive ERP structure. The association should pay full thought with respect to the use process. (SALEHI 2010) Testing: Each and every module of the entire procedure should be attempted before actualizing. Subsequent to in the wake of testing nobody yet we can come to know the issues identified with the module. Information Migration: Data movement is a crucial part of any productive ERP framework. Running every one of the modules together need a fair synchronization of data. Future Prospect: Implementation is the starting procedure, yet the association also needs to consider what's to come. Like, whether the ERP system will fulfill every one of the desires. (GERDIN 2005) We check that execution would get impacted by the Disk4U employees competency. This variable will get accepted to cooperate with Disk4U hones. We presume that the additionally Disk4U staff have specialized abilities and involvement in doing their assignments, the more organizations are utilizing propelled Disk4U rehearses and the good they will get performing. Concerning the impact of outer ability excellence on the distinctive components of a AIS, the commitment of this changeable variable that has not been shown in connection at the data quality. We finish up, in this way, that regardless of the possibility that the outside master is qualified, it doesn't have broadened, quick and regular data. Data quality remains the worry of the inside responsibility to the organization. (GRANDE 2011) Conclusion Our objective was to consider the direct and connection impacts that exist between Disk4U data frameworks, possibility variables and business execution. Firm execution enhances when firms have able Disk4U staff. The outcomes likewise demonstrate that Disk4U practices are dictated by the top administration responsibility to an ERP framework organization venture and get qualified outer skill. This examination affirms that an ERP framework permits the utilization of original general Disk4U rehearses, cost Disk4U, and money related administration. Organizations must endeavor to expand their utilization of these practices to enhance their execution. (GRANLUND 2002) A few restrictions The primary constraint concerns the specimen inclination, which might influence the generalizability of the outcomes. The second impediment concerns the little specimen size. A bigger specimen would build the factual legitimacy and enhance the generalizability of the outcomes. The third constraint concerns estimation scales. This learning depends on the subjective measures gave by the respondents' observations. This methodology might bring about a few inclinations. (HENDRICKS 2007) Future studies could investigate the commitment of other possibility elements that might impact the AIS, for example, the outside bookkeeper and inward evaluator. (IFINEDO 2006) We might likewise consider enhancing the developing so as to direct impact of the Disk4U employees competency by measuring the instrument that will addresses the new aptitudes of employees in the connection of rationalized Disk4U data frameworks. References BOULIANNE, E. (2007). "Revisiting fit between AIS design and performance with the analyzer strategic-type." International Journal of Accounting Information Systems Vol 8(Iss 1): pp: 1-6. CAGLIO, A. (2003). "Enterprise Resource Planning Systems and Accountants." European Accounting Review Vol 12(Iss 1): pp: 23-53. CHAPELLIER, P. M., A. (2010). "Entrepreneurship." CHENHALL, R. H. (2003). "Management control systems design within organisational context." Accounting, Organisation and Society Vol 28: pp: 127168. DE GUINEA, A. O. K., H.; HUNTER, M.G. (2005). "Information systems effectiveness in small businesses." Journal of Global Information Management Vol 13(Iss 3): pp: 25-55. DELONE, W. M., E. (2003). "Model of information system success." Journal ofManagement Information Systems Vol 19(Iss 4): PP: 3-9. Drury (2007). "A survey of factors influencing the choice of product costing systems."Management Accounting Research Vol 18(Iss 4): pp: 399424. GABLE, G. S., D.; CHAN, T. (2003). "Enterprise systems success." 24th conference of ICIS. GALANI, D. G., E.; STAVROPOULOS, A. (2010). "The impact of ERP systems on accounting processes." World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol 66: pp: 418423. GERDIN, J. (2005). "Management accounting system " Accounting, Organizations and Society Vol 30(Iss 2): pp: 99-126. GRANDE, E. U. E., R.P.; COLOMINA, C.M. (2011). "The impact of Accounting Information Systems (AIS) on performance measures." Management Accounting Research Vol 12(Iss 2): pp: 141166. GRANLUND, M. M., T. (2002). "Moderate impact of ERPS on management accounting."Management Accounting Research Vol 13(Iss 3): pp: 299321. HENDRICKS, K. B. S., V.R.; STARTMAN, J. (2007). "The impact of enterprise systems on corporate performance." Journal of Operations Management Vol 25(Iss 1): pp: 65-82. IFINEDO, P. E. (2006). "Enterprise resource planning systems success assessment." Computer Sciences and Information Systems Department. IFINEDO, P. E. N., N. (2007). "ERP systems success." Enterprise Information Systems Vol 1(Iss 1): pp: 25-48. Ismail (2011). "Contingency factors and accounting information system." IBIMA Business Review Vol 11(Iss 12). KANELLOU, A. S., C. (2011). "Accounting benefits and satisfaction in an ERP environment." 8th international conference ICESAL. KARRUDDIN, S. A., Z.M.; NASSIR, A.M. (2010). "Information system and firms performance." International Business Research Vol 3(Iss 4): pp: 28-35. MALDONADO, M. (2009). "Factors impacting the success of ERP implementations." NI, F. Y. Y., M.L.; CHENG, K.C. (2007). "The impact of management accounting systems." SALEHI, M. R., V.; MOGADAM, A. (2010). "Usefulness of accounting information system in emerging economy." International Journal of Economics and Finance Vol 2(Iss 2): pp: 186195.

Chad vale ICT Workforce Professional Development Plan

Introduction Professional development is very important in workforce. It enables co-workers to gain crucial skills paramount for success in their places of work (Balducchi et al, 2004). On top of this, professional development plans helps co-workers to grow professionally and execute the activities within their area of duty effectively. In addition, professional development motivates and changes the attitudes of co-workers (Mathews, et al, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Chad vale ICT Workforce Professional Development Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is because workers are competent to perform their roles without difficulties. This ensures that companies achieve a faster growth within a short period. This report is a one-year professional development plan in the automobile industry. The plan targets co-workers to increase awareness of local employers and partnership. Awareness Strategies fo r Co-workers The challenges that come with unprecedented technological advancement in the working environment require competent co-workers. Rapid changes call for knowledgeable and skilled labor force (Beers, 2007). Employees should have a strong partnership with their local employers. On top of this, the workers should be flexible, adoptive, and focused on the goals of the enterprise or company in which they work. Employers should be in the forefront to ensure that their employees get the necessary training and encouragement for their development (Bissell and Dolan, 2012). Some of strategies to achieve partnership between employees and local employers are in the outline below. Employee Development and Training This is an initiative of employers for employees to access skills, interests, and enables workers to develop prowess in order to achieve employers’ set goal (Bissell and Dolan, 2012). Most of development plans should entail management development, supervisory skills, t echnical training, career development, basic, and professional skills as well as equipping them with computer literacy. This will improve their competitiveness and update them to the very competitive ICT world. The table below shows the professional development plan for the Chad vale ICT which, is an international company in UK Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Retrieved from http://chadvaleictmark.blogspot.com/2010/02/updated-action-plan-030210-impact-on.html  23 July 2012 This plan will enable the local employers to equip and upgrade the skills of employees to work to their full potential. On top of this, employees will be in a position to deal with changing demands of the job. Moreover, workers will have high morale, motivation, creativity, and career satisfaction (Farrell, and Fenwick, 2007). Further, training of co-workers will increase productivity and responsive ness in fulfilling objectives of companies. Orientation This entails preparing co-workers for their jobs after recruitment team selects them. The co-workers are able to get basic information of their employers (Hughes Cain, 2011). This is very important because it creates an important link between employees and their employers. The bond between the two parties forms a strong partnership, which is beneficial for the growth of industries or enterprises. Orientation has a big potential to satisfy and improve their work output per annum. This is because the co-workers feel that they are in included in the organizations. After orientation, employers should assign seasoned employees to co-workers for mentoring purposes. This should encompass both the on and off-job mentoring programs (Stiglitz Walsh, 2006). The overall effect of the mentoring program is to build a strong relationship among co-workers and employers. Workplace Education This is a strategy to equip co-workers with essenti al skills, which are crucial in workplace. It is cognizant due to the fact that 21st century requires a skilled workforce, which is efficient, reliable, effective, and adaptable (Farrell, and Fenwick, 2007). The education program should encompass educating co-workers on their basic rights in the work environment. On top of this, the education program should focus on the co-worker benefits such as health insurance for employees, retention programs, performance appraisals, and promotion benefits. Moreover, education programs should encourage co-workers to embrace diversity in order to interact smoothly with their fellow workmates and employers. This will create a strong partnership between co-workers and their local employers (Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Incorporated, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Chad vale ICT Workforce Professional Development Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Balduc chi, D., et al (2004). Labor Exchange Policy in the United States. Michigan: W.E. Upjohn Institute. Beers, S. (2007). Strategies for Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Professional Development. New York: ASCD. Bissell G. and Dolan, P. (2012). Organisational Behaviour for Social Work. Bristol: The Policy Press. Farrell, L. and Fenwick, T. (2007). World Yearbook of Education 2007: Educating the Global Workforce : Knowledge, Knowledge Work and Knowledge Workers. New York: Taylor Francis. Hughes, J. R. T., Cain, L. P. (2011). American economic history. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Mathews, S., et al (2010). Professional Development in Social Work: Complex Issues in Practice. New York: Taylor Francis. Stiglitz, J. E., Walsh, C. E. (2006). Economics. New York: John Wiley Sons.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Incorporated (2012). Retrieved from https://www.toyota.com/usa/ This coursework on Chad vale ICT Workforce Professional Development Plan was written and submitted by user Kat1eP0wer to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Kantian Ethics Essay Sample

Kantian Ethics Essay Sample Kantian Ethics Essay Kantian ethics functions as the most feasible especially in the definition of individual duty in ethical situations. Kant’s ideas are considered vague and rigid, but they function efficiently and with ease in most situations. Exceptions exist but their strengths are diminished when individuals focus on actual situations, their expectations and how people handle them. Despite these exceptions, the description given by Kant of the conversion of maxims into universal laws are used as a guide to systems regarding morality and ethics. The most beautiful thing about Kantian ethics is the fact that it bases its arguments on an individual. A person can, therefore, decide whether their actions are worth being done to others by determining if they would be pleased if the action was done to them. Unlike the utilitarian point of view, Kantian ethics focuses on an individual and not on the needs of the group. These point of view not only applies to people but also animals as they are considered as human beings. Kant’s theory is hardly acknowledged by some societal groups or collective groups and thus can only be applied in a situation where peace, tolerance, and understanding have prevailed for long periods of time. Kant believes that one does not require to know the expected results for an action to judge it on moral grounds. This is because moral rules can be known on the basis. All human beings face the challenge of having to accept the inevitability of being confronted with situations that test their character and morality unwillingly. Kantian ethics, therefore, is based on the concept of universalization where Kant describes a maxim and tests if it is morally acceptable for one person to act in that manner. Also, it can be checked by seeing if it would be morally permissible for all individuals to act similarly. Kantian ethics concludes that an action can only be morally permissible in one instance if it is universally acceptable in all the other cases. Most individuals follow their intuition when they face a moral conflict as they become introspective, hoping that their intuition guides them to make a morally right decision. However, nobody is sure if they have acted ethically in such situations and thus Kant believes that the primary thing that can guide us to making morally correct decisions is the goodwill. The good will is good in itself and thus is not considered good from what it impacts or accomplishes. Kantian ethics asserts that a good will acts by the maxim of engaging in the right things as it’s the only right thing to be done. An action’s moral worth can only be examined by determining whether or not the action was conducted concerning the moral laws. Kantian ethics argues that a moral action does not base on inclination, feelings or possibilities of positive outcomes or rewards. It bases on sense, for instance, this is what I or we ought to do. Offering an old person a seat in a vehicle, for example, can only be morally correct if you do it out of a sense of duty and not to impress anyone. The motive is, therefore, a vital fact in Kantian ethics, and it is even possible for an action to yield negative results despite being a moral act. The article focus on the concept of moral responsibility and duty as the primary characteristic of the moral consciousness that serves as the foundation for the deontological initiative. Most people wonder if morality is something that can be discovered. Maybe if all of us accept integrity with our own experiences, then our view and ideologies would be similar. Therefore, Kant’s arguments on morality and decision making must be a priority. Kantian ethics creates a modern approach to the way individuals hold their ethical standards in the contemporary world. Kant’s view assumes that the concept of morality majorly basses on absolute directives which might not apply to the modern world which is not so clear. From this essay, it is evident that there exist flaws that an individual should still look into the consequences, especially when thinking ethically and morally.

Critical evaluation of Fuchs, Fuchs & Karns (2001) article Essay

Critical evaluation of Fuchs, Fuchs & Karns (2001) article - Essay Example (Pagani et. al. 2006) Considering all these, there is growing importance placed on understanding those stages of life. This report aims at critically analyzing one of such researches done on children’s mathematical development. In this process, views of external critics are taken into account and the choice of the method applied is critically analyzed along with its results and outcomes. The other aspect that is discussed in this report is the benefits that are obtained in implementing this method and the probable ethical issues that might arise if this is to be implemented in practical scenarios. Research problem The background for this research is based on the results obtained from the analysis done by Griffin and Case in 1997. (Griffin & Case, 1997) According to them, children, when they attain the age of six, should have developed a ‘mental number line representation’ by combining the two basic concepts of mathematics – counting and comparison. (Fuchs e t. al. 2001) Once they achieve such a line, the required ground work gets established and with that as base, they can build on it to solve further problems in mathematics and understand the concepts better. But, many of the children who come from poor financial backgrounds and from utter poverty fail to achieve this line of understanding and hence wound up facing long term mathematical failures. The research under discussion aims to improve the students from high poverty background to achieve this mental line representation before they move on to higher studies. The research is actually an extrapolation of the research works done by the authors, Griffin and Case in the year, 1997. (Griffin & Case, 1997) Based on the three research exercises that they had done on a select number of students grouped under experimental and control group categories, they received high percentage of success, with many of the guided students who underwent this study were able to cope up with the middle le vel students, thus allowing them to compete equally and subsequently improve their mathematical knowledge. (Fuchs et. al. 2002) Research methodology Peer Assisted Learning Strategies of (PALS) is the method followed here to achieve the goal of this research. It is a method where the teachers deploy a program that allows them to identify and assist students who lack in specific set of areas. (Ashwin, 2003) Did their hypothesis/research problem correspond to the adopted collection and analysis of the research design? The aim of their research is to improve the understanding level of the students in mathematics. The purpose of the research problem is to extrapolate the previous results in three ways. 1. To expand the research area. That is, to involve more numbers of students, whose levels of understanding varies drastically. This is to present the teachers with details about how to proceed with the treatment in diversified classrooms. This dimension of the problem was addressed during the design phase of the research by identifying and including students with different performance levels and from both disabled and nondisabled sections. 2. To evaluate the capacity of the teachers. The need for this result was to identify the response from students, to explore the fidelity of their teaching method and to generate an informative feedback about the treatment. This dimension of the problem was addressed by choosing teachers who were from different demographical

Context and Truth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Context and Truth - Essay Example It's also the interconnected circumstances in which something exists or happens. It has a major role to play in the sense that it can be as powerful as completely changing the meaning of the said or written to something totally opposite of what the original had been. Context can be categorized into several demographic classes; be it social or political. The thought is that context influences the means we comprehend the term. The truth in its actual meanings is the level of meaningfulness, fact relation, confirmation and level of sincerity. Wherever the 'truth' comes in, the result is either one will staunchly agree to it and will consider it a sin to question or challenge its credibility. But with the evident of the truth, there is also uproar by those who are doubtful about its existence. Either they completely reject the truth or they begin look for answers which makes them believe in that truth. A lot people argue on the truthfulness of something. What actually they are doing is that they are trying to match their desired answers with the ones they already have. This is merely in pursuit of getting ones' self correct in front of others. After all its human nature that one finds it difficult to accept failure. So to maintain one's self respect, to continue to feed one's ego and to fulfill the urge of being superior to others makes one argue on the truthfulness of something. Thus in this case the truth turns out to be something overloaded with certain facts that might have been related to the topic by someone in such a technical way that it looks as the truth in front of the claims placed by others (Taylor, 1998). This is a good way engineering any sort of communication to benefit ones' self and create a wining situation against the competing claims of anyone else. But during this competing what happens is that either the truth becomes distorted or it completely loses its originality. You can understand it by this that consider the truth to an elephant and you ask seven blind men, to touch and feel the elephant and then describe what an elephant looks like. The result will be that each of the seven blind men will think that only he knows what an elephant looks like and thus, only he knows what the truth is. To justify the existence of truth, another approach may be of finding out the best possible answer(s)! Many people will agree on this point. The fact, that though a lot of people know that what is the truth and are having its full availability and awareness. But still these people are in a constant search of truth, is based on the concept of finding what is best. People are in constant search of truth because knowing the truth about life, this world or this universe can give them satisfaction. It can help them in understanding themselves better. Its can help people become productive. It can help us to solve problems that we face in every phase of our life. Extending on the saying "survival of the fittest", the rule is very much applicable to the "Truth" as well. The truth therefore may be also based on an entity's nature, a certain phenomena or even someone else's experiences. This yields truth to be subjective to different aspects. However, this is not the actual case. The truth of any n' every thing is its correctness which can neither be judged by mere proofs nor can be measured on some scale. It is not the truth that

Investigate the provision for Special Educational Needs (SEN) in a Essay

Investigate the provision for Special Educational Needs (SEN) in a primary school. Consider how this provision promotes educational equality of opportunity - Essay Example The code also promotes an effective approach in meeting children’s needs and puts the rights of children at the heart of the process hence allowing them to take part in decisions concerning their education (Cumming 2012, p. 52). The code of practice also sets out effective school based support with little paperwork for teachers and mainly emphasizes on monitoring the progress of children with special needs to reach the identified goals. Special education needs provision has been categorized into four broad areas of need that include communication and interaction, social, mental and emotional health and sensory (Hallet F & Hallet G 2010, p. 78). Communication and interaction is impaired when a child has difficulty in talking and expressing ideas and also got difficult to understand what is been said to them and still this makes them to have difficulties in social interaction with others. Cognition and learning is impaired when anindividual learns at a slower pace than the peers do (Atchinson & Dirette 2007, p. 52). Social, emotional, and mental health difficulties are manifested when a person becomes withdrawn or isolated and displaying disruptive and disturbing behavior. In order to promote special education, a committee was set up in 1993 which its main aim was to make recommendations for identification of children with special needs and for future advancement of special education services, special schools and classes according to the child’s need (Butler 1994, p. 145). Guidelines were put in place which even to date promote the provision of special education. These include, all children with special needs have right to proper education, and in provision of education to a special child, the needs of a specific child should be the paramount consideration. Active participation of parents with children who require special education and their wishes should be taken into consideration also, provision of adequate resources by the state is important to

Fitness Industry and Social Media Dangers

Fitness Industry and Social Media Dangers Could The Fitness Industry Be More Harmful Then Helpful? Introduction Health can be defined as â€Å"the state of being free from illness and injury†. However looking further into the word â€Å"health† gives you synonyms such as â€Å"well-being; fitness; good condition; good shape†. These words generate concepts regarding the relationship of the fitness industry to the sense of well being and good health. Since the First World War the focus on physical fitness has been a primary focus of the Health status and conversation around health issues in Canada and the United States. In Canada Health Canada and The Canadian Food Inspection Agency, and The Food and Drug Administration in the United States, are responsible for the nutritional labels on the food we consume. These labels along with the appropriate food guidelines of nutritional intake are supposed to be the gold standard for an individual to maintain a level of healthy eating one aspect of a healthy lifestyle. With a healthy diet, exercise, and adequate sleep, should in theory, enable a very healthy and long life. But what if the foods, the substances being consumed, aren’t exactly what they said they were? Or what if something marketed with one health goal, losing weight, actually destroyed and damaged your kidneys in the process? In the Health Consumables Market the issue is whether Canada and the United States’ fitness industry’s have become counterproductive to the maintenance of health. One major issue are the regulations and guidelines for nutritional information on products that are directly correlated with the fitness industry, such as protein, Branch-Chain-Amino-Acids, creatine and fat loss products are too relaxed and often go untested[1]. An even greater detriment to the fitness industry is that the people who promote these various fitness supplements on their social media platforms create unrealistic body images and thus further health issues. Body issues and eating disorders further fuel the unregulated supplement industry creating a cyclical beast that may promote health in some but in turn does the opposite in others. What is needed to tame this beast are tighter regulations and standards for supplement products and a system to control the promotion of these â€Å"Instagram stars† and their products. Could the fitness industry ever become an industry worth believing in? CURRENT SUPPLEMENT REGULATIONS Currently supplements and health products are governed by Health Canada. The Food and Drug Regulations operate on a â€Å"test if needed† basis rather than on a mandatory food-testing basis. The Food and Drug Regulations have a voluntary submission requirement. The company submits their nutritional label and product information to Health Canada and they ensure it follows the nutritional guidelines of what is allowed in products[2]. If a product makes a claim of either nutrition content or disease risk reduction then the product itself will be submitted for testing to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)[3]. Once submitted to the CFIA they will determine whether the claim of a nutrient value is present in the product so that the label is reporting the correct health contents. Disease reduction is also monitored and measured by CFIA to see if the product claims are accurate i.e. â€Å"Cheerios reduces heart disease†[4]. When determining the safety and the health claims of each product there are a number of critical issues: Industry is responsible for ensuring that nutrition labelling and claims are compliant with the  Food and Drug Regulations  and that label values accurately reflect the nutrient content of the product.A suitable compliance test for the accuracy of declared nutrient values must take into consideration the inherent variability of nutrients in foods and the variability of the laboratory method using appropriate statistical analysis.The  CFIA  compliance action will take into consideration not only laboratory results, but also the health risk to the public, economic loss to consumers, past compliance history of the product and the companys quality control over the manufacturing and labelling processes.[5] Interestingly CFIA and health Canada exempt some foods from this rigorous process and the requirement of having to submit their product for health claims review. Exceptions include meal replacements, nutritional supplements, mineral nutrients and/or amino acids. The United States reviews are conducted by a sub-section of the Food and Drug Administration entitled Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN). CFSAN operates very similarly to the Canadian equivalent, CFIA, in that the majority of testing is done on a random not mandatory basis.   The manufacturers are asked to submit the product test results as outlined in the â€Å"Manufacturers Responsibility† criteria: â€Å"FDAs continuing policy since the 1970s assigns the manufacturer the responsibility for assuring the validity of a product labels stated nutrient values. Accordingly, the source of the data used to calculate nutrition label values is the prerogative of the manufacturer, but FDAs policy recommends that the nutrient values for labeling be based on product composition, as determined by laboratory analysis of each nutrient. FDA continues to recommend the use of the Official Methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International (AOAC), with non-AOAC Official Methods used only in the absence of appropriate AOAC validated methods. For each product that is included in a nutrition-labeling database submitted to FDA, the agency requests that the developer include a table identifying proposed analytical methods that were used in the analysis of each nutrient, with accompanying information containing validation of the method used by the onsite or commercial laboratory for the matrix of interest.†[6] However the FDA’s regulations allow for a choice by each manufacturer to use the non-AOAC Official Methods that gives them the ability to â€Å"prepare† their numbers. The manufacturer must also comply with Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations, which breaks down consumables into different classes of nutrients according to the FDA[7]. There are three different classes of nutrients: Class I: are those added in fortified or fabricated foods, these nutrients are vitamins, minerals, protein, dietary fibre, or potassium[8]. Class I nutrients  must be present at 100% or more of the value declared on the label; in other words, the nutrient content identified by the laboratory analysis must be at least equal to the label value[9]. Class II: are vitamins, minerals, protein, total carbohydrate, dietary fibre, other carbohydrate, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat, or potassium that occur naturally in a food product[10]Class II nutrientsmust be present at 80% or more of the value declared on the label[11]. Class III: nutrients include calories, sugars, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium[12]. However, for products such as fruit drinks; juices; and confectioneries; that have sugar content of 90 percent or more of total carbohydrate. To prevent labeling anomalies due in part to rounding, FDA treats total carbohydrate as a Class III nutrient instead of a Class II nutrient[13]. For foods with label declarations of Class III nutrients, the ratio between the amount obtained by laboratory analysis and the amount declared on the product label in the Nutrition Facts panel  must be 120% or less. The label is considered to be out of compliance if the nutrient content of a composite of the product is greater than 20% above the value declared on the label[14]. For example, if a laboratory analysis found 8 g of total fat/serving in a product that stated that it contained 6 g of total fat/serving, the ratio between the laboratory value and the label value would be (8 / 6) x 100 = 133%, and the product label would be considered to be out of compliance. Like the CFIA the FDA have dietary supplements under a different category legislated under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act 1994(DSHEA)[15]. These supplements are required to follow these rules outlined below: â€Å"Federal law requires that every dietary supplement be labeled as such, either with the term dietary supplement or with a term that substitutes a description of the products dietary ingredient(s) for the word dietary (e.g., herbal supplement or calcium supplement). Federal law does not require dietary supplements to be proven safe to FDAs satisfaction before they are marketed. For most claims made in the labeling of dietary supplements, the law does not require the manufacturer or seller to prove to FDAs satisfaction that the claim is accurate or truthful before it appears on the product. In general, FDAs role with a dietary supplement product begins after the product enters the marketplace. That is usually the agencys first opportunity to take action against a product that presents a significant or unreasonable risk of illness or injury, or that is otherwise adulterated or misbranded. Dietary supplement firms must report to FDA any serious adverse events that are reported to them by consumers or health care professionals. Dietary supplement manufacturers do not have to get the agencys approval before producing or selling these products. It is not legal to market a dietary supplement product as a treatment or cure for a specific disease, or to alleviate the symptoms of a disease. There are limitations to FDA oversight of claims in dietary supplement labeling. For example, FDA reviews substantiation for claims as resources permit†[16]. The regulations from the DSHEA actually allow companies to manipulate and alter their product and nutritional labels to secure granting and limit investigation by the FDA or CFSAN. It also creates a system where CFSAN and the FDA are required to go out of their way to find new-to- market products in order to start an investigation process if needed. The FDA states it is committed to working with all interested parties in order to achieve reliable nutrition labeling as economically as possible[17]. The agency acknowledges that following all of the recommendations/guidelines in their manual could pose economic hardships. Therefore, in certain instances, FDA may accept a proposal to â€Å"develop a database† over several years to help defer costs[18]. By deferring the testing even longer this can only add to the problem at hand. Although limited in the previously mentioned areas of inspection, the Canadian and United States systems have a number of successful and positive parameters. Health Canada and the Food and Drug Administration both have independent testing bodies. The CFIA and CFSAN both have good, unbiased structures for testing and the type of tests they use are considered industry gold standards. They also have correctly identified the differences in regular â€Å"grocery store† food and what would be considered food from the â€Å"supplement† or â€Å"fitness† industry. The Fitness Industry The fitness industry is an ever-changing entity that has continued to evolve over the past several decades. Following the First World War, especially in Canada, physical fitness started to become an area of focus of government. In the 1950’s in North America the fitness focus was on rhythmic exercises, jumping jacks, calisthenics and the â€Å"Five Basic Exercises† (stretching, sit-ups, back extensions, push-ups, running in place) the first type of circuit training[19]. The hula-hoop was the main trend in fitness selling over 100 million units in the United States. The 1960’s brought us massage belts and diet trends. The massage belts were supposed to massage away fat in unwanted areas, and eating â€Å"healthier† meant drinking diet soda and artificial sugar[20]. The 70’s brought into the fitness industry jazzercise and bodybuilding. Both of these trends would last longer than the decade due to the enigmatic figure behind it, Arnold Schwarzenegger one of the most decorated bodybuilders of all-time[21]. The addition to the 80’s fitness culture was Jane Fonda and her aerobics videos[22]. The 1990’s fitness trends included: Taebo; boot camps; and extremely popular -celebrity workout videos [23]. The boot camp and fitness video trends have definitely stood the test of time as they still are still widely used by fitness participants worldwide. The 21st century heralded in a new attitude of â€Å"Staying fit† including: Pilates, kickboxing and weightlifting exercises for women[24]. The focus switched to heart rate to determine the effectiveness of a workout [25]. The trends of the fitness industry today focus on: High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT); the use of social media; and the â€Å"super-hero body†. HIIT programs consist of workouts under the brand of Cross Fit, which is quickly becoming one of the fastest growing fitness trends. It emphasizes strength components interspersed with sprints and long bouts of cardiovascular fitness. Along with intense training like HIIT the industry has started to incorporate and profit from the use of social media. There are YouTube fitness bloggers and now most recently â€Å"Instagram Stars†. Both use social media and have become one of the primary sources of income for todays fitness personality. Blockbuster movies have created the â€Å"ideal† body image modelled after the â€Å" incredibly- in-shape† superheroes such as Superman, Thor, Wonder Woman and Captain America. The presence of social media in the fitness industry although a new phenomena in the last decade, has really exploded in the last 5 years. The creation of highly viewed YouTube content used to reap monetary rewards for the creators, which is why fitness professionals created content on this platform. Now however, it has evolved into something much more. As the fitness industry grows instead of a part-time hobby it has become a lucrative occupation. A individual involved in this industry can include: competing in their respective fields (bodybuilding, weightlifting, Cross Fit, etc.); personal training; online coaching; selling workout plans, nutrition; in person training; sponsors (which can be promoted through their respective social media platforms); and personal business endeavours (clothing lines, supplement brands, operating own gym). All of these add revenue to the individual and are often cyclically attached, so one generates customers for the other. Like with anything the more that see you and your accomplishments the more profitable you can become which is why a person’s social media platforms have become so important in building one’s brand. As mentioned these fitness personalities usually have supplement sponsors as most of these athletes are in the top one percent of all people in terms of body aesthetics and performance. When you are in the top one percent of athletes the nutrition and supplementation you take can give you the slight advantage you need to be just that much better than your opponent creating the dependence on these sponsors by all athletes in this industry. However, as is the case in this primarily unregulated industry they are â€Å"playing† with their health and careers. It is hard to believe that an individual who cares so much about their body would put so little research into what they are taking and more importantly what they are promoting. Fitness Industry Supplements The most often-used supplement for any athlete is protein powder. Having a protein powder supplement allows an individual to increase their protein intake while not upping the rest of the macros (protein, fats, and carbohydrates) in their daily consumption. However, in a recent 2010 study done, by Consumer Reports not-for-profit magazine run by U.S. Consumer Union, of the top 15 brands in the industry[26] found at least one product from each brand tested contained detectable amounts of toxic substances.   The toxic substances included cadmium, arsenic, lead and/or mercury. The three most toxic brands contained heavy metal poisoning over the safe allowable amount[27]. These named companies fought back against the report by taking their product line to NSF a non-profit International non-governmental organization, which conducted their own tests. These products passed NSF’s American National Standard for Nutrition/Dietary Supplements testing but Consumer Reports counters that t here is significant variation between samples in a product line and one passed test doesn’t mean every product is safe. The major concern is that prolonged exposure to heavy metal toxicity can cause body toxicity, which can result in further medical issues down the road[28]. The National Science Foundation is an independent subsidiary of the World Health Organization reports there are still many issues with these testing processes. NSF International has legitimate testing which some companies submitted to for independent testing, but they only scored adequately which is also concerning. T Consumer Reports states that the testing of one product doesn’t mean that all the others would be adequate. The alarming truth of these results of high metal toxicity is consumers dont seem to care continuing to buy the products. Statistics show that in 2012 the supplement industry had revenue of roughly $32 billion US and the industry is trending to grow to about $60 billion US by 2021[29]. According to a registered United Kingdom dietician Maeve Hanan there are some benefits to the consumption of protein supplements. Such benefits include helping athletes hit increased protein requirement goals, it is also highly convenient, and it can often be cost efficient as most athletes get their protein supplements through sponsors[30]. However according to Hanan there are far more cons than pros to consuming this form of protein. She includes: an investigation done by UK Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agencies where eighty four tested brands contained dangerous ingredients including steroids, stimulants and hormones that can cause kidney failures, seizures and heart problems[31]. There is also evidence that the prolonged use of protein can cause osteoporosis and several gastrointestinal diseases[32]. As well, Hanan found that the supplement may not actually contain the level of protein advertised, a product said to be containing seventy percent protein in fact had only seven percent[33]. It appears that the issues Maeve Hanan unearthed in protein supplements could be addressed with better testing by the regulating governments. Protein supplements are not the only supplements that fitness professionals take to build muscle. BCAA’s or Branch Chain Amino Acids have also become a go-to for many of the top one-percenters in the industry. These BCAA’s while promoted as a key fitness component for a healthier life, like protein supplements there are negative side effects that arent publicly acknowledged by the athletes and the companies promoting these products. In a study by Luigi et al. it was shown that decreased BCAA consumption improved metabolic health[34]. While improving the metabolic health of the test subjects it also showed to decrease Body Mass Index (BMI) and decrease fat mass of an individual, a goal of the â€Å"fitness personality† low body fat percentage[35]. Although the BCAA’s in this study was dietary BCAA’s found in food, it still applies here. Companies in this industry promote products like BCAA without doing the research needed to prove their effectiveness., The consumer continues to purchase due to the aesthetically appealing people promoting the product are seen as â€Å"believable†. Beautiful people are trustworthier, right? The product that could potentially be the biggest sham and the most harmful to health, are weight loss products. One of the biggest brands in the weight loss industry is Hydroxycut. In 2008 there was a study of Hydroxycut by the World Journal of Gastroenterology analyzing its toxicity. They performed a case study with two confirmed users of Hydroxycut and the symptoms they showed when admitted to hospital. They compiled the results from the two current cases and from the previous literature written about the product and found that there was a correlation between prolonged use of Hydroxycut and heptatoxicity[36]. Both of these test subjects and previous cases exhibited that the prolonged use of this product eventually lead to hepatitis and other liver health issues. The absence of testing of the product that falls under the supplementation guidelines led to negative health implications. Although governments have guidelines, they allow products to avoid testing until after they are on market, which is often too late. Social Media and The Fitness Industry One of the leading researchers in Health Law and particularly this area of Fitness and Social Media is Professor Timothy Caulfield. Professor Caulfield has written numerous books on this subject including The Cure For Everything: Untangling The Twisted Messages About Health Fitness and Happiness and Is Gwenyth Paltrow Wrong About Everything. Both of these books discuss the popular health trends, whether they are diet or fitness trends, and how celebrities promote these. Some of the trends consumers have been following even though there is no scientific evidence of their efficacy. These include:   Juice Cleanses, Colon Cleanses and Gluten Free diets. While juicing has no negative side effects it has also been shown to do no good as it is not a more effective way to get the nutrition from fruits and vegetables and does not flush toxins from the body[37]. Now a trend like colon cleanses while they may make you feel lighter they can actually be quite harmful to the body by causing naus ea vomiting and even infection[38]. Going gluten free is a trend that has really taken off but again no scientific proof that eliminating gluten has any health benefits, while actually some studies have shown that going gluten free can actually lead to weight gain[39]. So why would consumers buy into these fads if there is no scientific proof behind them? The answer is simple because celebrities promote them, and the consumers have no reason not to believe them. Celebrity endorsement might just be the biggest negative in the fitness industry. If there are fitness icons or personalities who promote an untested product it causes the same issue as the diet trend promotions. However in the case of health products promoted by these fitness personalities it is much more harmful due to the elevated heavy metal present in the products. The promotion of these unregulated products is also tied into the celebrity’s unrealistic bodies. Many people forget that these people have full-time jobs devoted to looking amazing. These celebrities are seen as the definition of being healthy and attractive so if one doesnt look like them can create serious body image issues. Instagram is quickly becoming the most popular form of social media. This app has been noted to sharing over 40 billion photos since its creation with about 80 million a day[40]. The purpose of the app is to curate and edit photos and posts with how we want the public to â€Å"view† that particular user. This creates a potentially dangerous atmosphere to those who may be susceptible to an eating disorder. Users need to be educated that users of Instagram may utilize filters, angles and lighting to look as desirable as possible distorting the real image[41]. This not only creates a false reality for the followers of that user but for that user themselves[42]. According to Crystal who is a Masters Level Registered Dietician and a Certified Intuitive Eating Counselor there are certain things to monitor when using Instagram in order to protect against negative self-image, eating disorder, or body issues: What Kind of accounts are you following?Are you preoccupied with food and or/fitness on Instagram in a way that is obsessive or unhealthy?Do you find yourself following certain diet trends or dieting recommendations because of someone or something you found on Instagram?[43]   Instagram personalities not only promote or influence diet trends they also endorse unregulated supplement products, which can add to unhealthy choices. In response Instagram has been tagged with â€Å"creating its own eating disorder†.   According to University College London states that Instagram is the leading cause of Orthorexia Nervosa[44]. Orthorexia Nervosa is an illness focused on an obsession with eating healthy. Symptoms can include: eating excessive fruits and vegetables; cutting out certain food groups; and excessively exercising[45]. While this may seem like just healthy lifestyle choices this illness is related to the severity of the dietary restrictions, leading to malnutrition and social isolation[46]. The reasons given for the Instagram connection is the people followed expose the follower to a extreme health pictures, and social media personalities are seen as authority’s on health and appearance[47]. The Supplementation of the Regulations There are clear issues today that stem from the growth of the fitness industry, but there doesn’t have to be. In the United States and Canada there exists already a structure to properly test all of the supplements that go to market, before the product is released. It is clear that the methods of testing and the standards for this industry are sound, but just not fully implemented. However there should be a complete ban on products leading to heavy metal poisoning.   The amount of testing for each product would increase significantly industry standard of 10 there will need to be an increase of jobs to accommodate for the amount on tests for each product and the amount of lead case workers. Government may consider a number of issues when considering implementing changes: the creation of government jobs versus the lost jobs from supplement companies who can’t comply with new proposed industry standards; the inevitable burden of unhealthy citizens versus a healthier coun try with healthier citizens. Companies like BioTrust seem to be one of the industry standards for the production of healthy products. Tim Skwiat and Shawn Wells directors at BioTrust endorse: Right way: the right people who are formulators (use the right ingredients that work the best rather than look good)Cost of ingredient and the product will be higher because they do studies on the ingredients (healthy human studies, in peer reviewed journals)Take the stuff that we know works and make a product from that.Ingredients are natural (no soy product)Ingredient testing (they never stop testing and letting the product out of their hands)[48] While changing the regulations and possibly the growth of a company like BioTrust will help change the supplementation industry for the better, there doesn’t seem to be a simple fix for the social media issue. There has been extensive research on the relationship to food restrictions at a young age and developing an eating disorder or becoming overweight later in life. According to a study done by Eisenberg & Neumark-Sztanier a survey of adolescents in grades 7–12, 30% of girls and 25% of boys reported teasing by peers about their weight. Such teasing has been found to persist in the home as well  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  29% of girls and 16% of boys reported having been teased by a family member about their weight[49]. Neumark-Sztainer also co-wrote a paper on the effect of this teasing on the children which increases their chances of 1.5 to develop a form of an eating disorder[50]. These trends however are not limited to children being teased it also stems into the perceived norms from social culture or mainstream media. According to a study by Abramovitz & Birch children learn (unhealthy) mainstream attitudes towards food and weight at a very young age, this study looked at five-year-old gi rls and a significant proportion of girls associated a diet with food restriction, weight-loss and thinness[51]. There needs to be more education from the governments around food and healthy ways for kids to eat, which is simply without rigid structure. The rigidity adds to the desire to get attractive or stay thin with extra presence from mainstream culture or social media (Instagram) which encourages the excessive use of supplementation which ends up often making the individual even more unhealthy. This has become a very cyclical and overwhelming problem which needs to be addressed by the governing bodies. If the new structure can’t be implemented then simple education could go a very long way. There needs to be a priority of everyone in the â€Å"industry† to instead of coercing people to get fit, get them healthy instead. Bibliography Abramovitz, B. A. & Birch, L. L. (2000). Five-year-old girls’ ideas about dieting are predicted by their mothers’ dieting. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 100 (10),    1157-1163. Canadian Food Inspection Agency, â€Å"Nutrition Labelling Compliance Test† (9 September 2014), Canadian Food Inspection Agency (website), online: . Danielle Isbell, â€Å"Fitness Trends of the Last Six Decades† (4 June 2015), Spry Living (blog), online: . David Lariviere, â€Å"Nutritional Supplements Flexing Muscles As Growth Industry† (18 April 2013), Forbes (blog), online: . Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, 21 USC s 7 (1994). Eisenberg, M. E. & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2003). Associations of Weight-Based Teasing and Emotional Well-Being Amond Adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 157(6), 733-738. Food and Drugs, 21 CFR tit 21s s 170.3 (2012). â€Å"How Instagram can encourage eating behaviour disorders†, (3 March 2017), Eating disorder hope(Blog), online: . Ian Kenney, â€Å"Protein Powder Toxicity† (3 October 2017), Livestrong (blog), online:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . Lauren Pelley, â€Å"Timothy Caulfield debunks celebrity health trends, from gluten-free diets to colon cleanses†, (8 January 2015), The Star (Newspaper), online:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . Lily Dara, Jennifer Hewett & Joseph Lim, â€Å"Hydroxycut Hepatoxicity: A Case series and review of liver toxicity from herbal weight loss supplements† (2008) 14:45 World J of Gastroenterology 6999. Luigi et al. â€Å"Decreased consumption of branch chain amino acids improves metabolic health.† (2016) 16:2 HHS Public Access 520, online: . Maeve Hanan, â€Å"Protien Supplements: Weighing up the Pros and Cons†, (18 October 2015), Dietically Speaking (Blog), online: . Neumark-Sztainer, D. R., Wall, M. M., Haines, J. I., Story, M. T., Sherwood, N. E., van den Berg, P. A. (2007). Shared Risk and Protective Factors for Overweight and Disordered Eating in Adolesecents. American Jounral of Preventative Medicine, 33(5), 359-369. Office of Dietary Supplements, â€Å"Dietary Supplements for Exercise and Athletic Performance† (4 October 2017), National Institutes of Health (websites), online:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . Skwiat, Tim Wells, Shawn. â€Å"The Truth About Supplements† (2018) Biotrust Radio (ITunes Podcast). Vanessa Chalmers, â€Å"Is Instagram making you sick? Study explains why photos of breakfast bowls and #fitness inspiration can drive you to an eating disorder.†, (19 May 2017), Daily Mail(Newspaper), online: . [1] Office of Dietary Supplements, â€Å"Dietary Supplements for Exercise and Athletic Performance† (4 October 2017), National Institutes of Health (websites), online: . [2] Supra note 1. [3] Canadian Food Inspection Agency, â€Å"Nutrition Labelling Compliance Test† (9 September 2014), Canadian Food Inspection Agency (website), online: . [4] Supra note 3. [5] Supra note 3. [6] Supra note 3. [7] Food and Drugs, 21 CFR tit 21s s 170.3 (2012). [8] Supra note 7. [9] Supra note 7. [10] Supra note 7. [11] Supra note 7. [12] Supra note 7. [13] Supra note 7. [14] Supra note 7. [15] Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, 21 USC s 7 (1994). [16] Supra note 15. [17] Supra note 15. [18] Supra note 15 [19] Danielle Isbell, â€Å"Fitness Trends of the Last Six Decades† (4 June 2015), Spry Living (blog), online: . [20] Supra note 19. [21] Supra note 17. [22] Supra note 17. [23] Supra note 17. [24] Supra note 17. [25] Supra note 17. [26] Ian Kenney, â€Å"Protein Powder Toxicity† (3 October 2017), Livestrong (blog), online: . [27] Supra note 24. [28] Supra note 24. [29] David Lariviere, â€Å"Nutritional Supplements Flexing Muscles As Growth Industry† (18 April 2013), Forbes (blog),   online: . [30] Maeve Hanan, â€Å"Protien Supplements: Weighing up the Pros and Cons†, (18 October 2015), Dietically Speaking (Blog), online: . [31] Supra note 28. [32] Supra note 28. [33] Supra note 28. [34] Luigi et al. â€Å"Decreased consumption of branch chain amino acids improves metabolic health.† (2016) 16:2 HHS Public Access 520, online: . [35] Supra note 32. [36] Lily Dara, Jennifer Hewett & Joseph Lim, â€Å"Hydroxycut Hepatoxicity: A Case series and review of liver toxicity from herbal weight loss supplements† (2008) 14:45 World J of Gastroenterology 6999. [37]Lauren Pelley, â€Å"Timothy Caulfield debunks celebrity health trends, from gluten-free diets to colon cleanses†, (8 January 2015), The Star (Newspaper), online: . [38] Supra note 35. [39] Supra note 35. [40] â€Å"How Instagram can encourage eating behaviour disorders†, (3 March 2017), Eating disorder hope(Blog), online: . [41] Supra note 38. [42] Supra note 38. [43] Supra note 38. [44] Vanessa Chalmers, â€Å"Is Instagram making you sick? Study explains why photos of breakfast bowls and #fitness inspiration can drive you to an eating disorder.†, (19 May 2017), Daily Mail(Newspaper), online: . [45] Supra note 42. [46] Supra note 42. [47] Supra note 42. [48] Skwiat, Tim Wells, Shawn. â€Å"The Truth About Supplements† (2018) Biotrust Radio (ITunes Podcast). [49] Eisenberg, M. E. & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2003). Associations of Weight-Based Teasing and Emotional Well-Being Amond Adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 157(6), 733-738. [50] Neumark-Sztainer, D. R., Wall, M. M., Haines, J. I., Story, M. T., Sherwood, N. E., van den Berg, P. A. (2007). Shared Risk and Protective Factors for Overweight and Disordered Eating in Adolesecents. American Jounral of Preventative Medicine, 33(5), 359-369. [51] Abramovitz, B. A. & Birch, L. L. (2000). Five-year-old girls’ ideas about dieting are predicted by their mothers’ dieting. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 100 (10), 1157-1163.